Determinants of Female Employment Rate in the European Union

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union

Factors determining disproportions in men and women’s wages in the European Union countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-44
Author(s):  
Dorota Witkowska ◽  
Aleksandra Matuszewska-Janica
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Impact

The primary aim of the presented study was to identify how selected factors determining gender-based inequalities affected the volume of the unadjusted pay gap among employees hired in the European Union after the 2007 crisis compared to the pre-crisis situation.An additional purpose of the study was to indicate changes in the employment rates of men and women, as well as changes in the pay gap between the two sexes (measured by means of the gender pay gap index – GPG), which became noticeable in the EU countries after the crisis, as compared to the pre-crisis period. The study was conducted using single-equation descriptive econometric models describing the wage gap. The analysis was based on the results of the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) and the Labour Force Survey (LFS), both published by Eurostat. Due to data availability issues, data for 2006 were assumed to be representative for the situation prior to the crisis (the study took into account also countries which became member states in later years), while data covering the year 2012 (employment rate) and the years 2014–2018 (GPG) were assumed as representative for the post-crisis period. The analyses of the male and female employment rate and gender pay gaps indicate that following the crisis, the employment in the 24 EU countries became increasingly ‘feminised’, while no significant reduction of the pay gap was observed in the years 2006–2018. The obtained results indicate that greater ‘feminisation’ of employment is connected with greater gender pay gaps. A similar correlation occurs in relation to the professional activisation rate. In addition, significant differences are observed in terms of the impact some of the analysed factors have on the volume of the gender wage gap in different age and occupational groups.

scholarly journals Current situation and development of the bee-keeping sector in Hungary

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
László Kárpáti ◽  
Zsolt Csapó ◽  
Georgina Árváné Ványi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Product Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union

Rural development has become more and more important issue in Hungary since rural areas also contribute to the efficiency of the national economy. Development of rural areas also very important issue in the European Union, which could contribute to the improvement of profitability of small family businesses, higher employment rate in rural areas as well as slow down the migration of people from rural into urban areas. Nowadays the bee-keeping– as one of the activities can provide alternative income for small businesses in rural areas– has become more and more important topic in Hungary. Bee-keeping sector provides income roughly 15 thousands families in Hungary. At the same time it takes important role in the preservation of rural landscape, traditions and their regional values. However, the sector has serious problems, as well (for instance quality issues, competitors on the market, etc.). It can be stated that the market position of Hungarian honey can be preserved through the improvement of quality assurance and product development. These developments can be carried out by the utilization of national and European Union funds.

Responding well to the challenge of an ageing and shrinking workforce. European Union policies in support of Member State efforts to Retain, Reinforce & Re-integrate Older Workers in employment

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz von Nordheim
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Eu Policies ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
State Of Affairs

In response to the ageing and shrinking of the working-age population, the European Union has agreed ambitious goals for raising the employment rate and the exit age of older workers. This article traces the development of EU policy approaches and presents EU-15 figures on the state of affairs. Progress so far has been modest, but EU policies are expected to facilitate the emergence of better regimes of age management within Member States. In turn, this will help Europe move towards its employment targets for the working population aged 55 to 64 years.

Methodological puzzles of surveying Roma/Gypsy populations

Ethnicities ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Messing
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Geographical Dispersion ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
Definition Of

European countries as well as the European Union are continually striving for comparable and reliable statistics about Roma, which is a precondition to efficiently support the design and implementation of national and European Union wide inclusion strategies and sectorial policies as well as monitoring their outcomes. This article aims to provide an overview of the theoretical and practical challenges researchers need to face in the course of designing and conducting survey among ‘Roma’ populations. A number of factors – such as dilemmas about the definition of the target population, methodology of sampling of a population with multiple and threatened identity, difficulties of constructing comparable indicators – have led to greatly diverging outcomes of various ‘Roma’ surveys in terms of the most essential statistics, such as the size of the population, geographical dispersion, level of poverty, level of education and employment rate. This article will summarize the various methodological decisions that research has to make by providing illustrative examples of recent research in Hungary, Romania and the European Union. It attempts to demonstrate the actual consequences of methodological decisions in terms of the varying outcomes of a crucial indicator – employment rate – produced by six independent surveys. The article’s conclusions are further reaching: data on Roma minorities are a requirement for evidence-based, efficient policy making targeted at social inclusion of Roma in Europe, and therefore understanding methodological dilemmas in the collection of this data is essential.

Monitoring progress in “quality education” in the European Union – strategic framework and goals

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1125-1142
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Pleśniarska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adult Participation ◽  
Recent Graduates ◽  
The Eu

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the most important initiatives and the strategic framework of the European Union (EU) supporting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This paper also presents an overview of the progress towards the 4th Sustainable Development Goal (quality education) mainly in tertiary and adult education in the EU context. Design/methodology/approach The adopted research method includes a literature survey, a study of law regulations and strategic documents of the EU and their critical analysis. The main axis of empirical investigation is a comparative analysis. Thematic scope of the analysis embraces indicators such as tertiary educational attainment, employment rate of recent graduates and adult participation in learning. Findings The results of the comparative analysis confirm the diversity between Member States in achieving the goals of sustainable development. Overall positive trends in the development of quality education can be observed in the EU. However, the gender gaps in tertiary educational attainment and in the employment rate of recent graduates have been widening. Moreover, the EU is not on track to meet its 2020 benchmarks for adult participation in learning. Originality/value The paper systematizes knowledge of initiatives of the EU for sustainable development and supplements it with a comparative analysis in the field of statistical data, which allows for a better understanding of the state and the prospects of implementing the idea of quality education at the EU level.

scholarly journals Exploring the Impact of Electronic Commerce on Employment Rate: Panel Data Evidence from European Union Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 3157-3183
Author(s):  
Ștefan Cristian Gherghina ◽  
Mihai Alexandru Botezatu ◽  
Liliana Nicoleta Simionescu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Total Turnover ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study is to explore the impact of electronic commerce on employment rate for a sample covering the whole 27 Member States of the European Union (EU-27), from 2010 to 2019. Moreover, this research explores the clusters of nations with reference to electronic commerce adoption and employment rate dynamics. The outcomes of cluster analysis show that Western Europe reveals the most developed e-commerce marketplace in EU-27, shown by Internet accessibility and high penetration rate of digital tools, and the lowest figures are registered in the Eastern part of Europe. Furthermore, the empirical findings of the panel data fixed-effects and the generalized least squares regressions suggest that electronic commerce influences employment rate positively. By including country-level control variables (real GDP growth rate, research and development expenditure, employed ICT specialists, enterprises with Internet access), the outcomes reveal that one percentage change in enterprises’ total turnover from e-commerce sales, enterprises’ turnover from web sales, and enterprises with e-commerce sales of at least 1% turnover will increase employment rate by 0.205, 0.258, and 0.350 percentage points. Furthermore, the econometric evidence from the method of moments quantile regression models with fixed effects reinforces our findings. Enterprises’ total turnover from e-commerce sales and the percentage of enterprises with e-commerce sales of at least 1% turnover positively influence employment rate for all quintiles, but in the case of enterprises’ turnover from web sales, the effect is positive only for the quintiles ranging from 0.5–0.8.

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