scholarly journals Exploring the Impact of Electronic Commerce on Employment Rate: Panel Data Evidence from European Union Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 3157-3183
Author(s):  
Ștefan Cristian Gherghina ◽  
Mihai Alexandru Botezatu ◽  
Liliana Nicoleta Simionescu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Total Turnover ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study is to explore the impact of electronic commerce on employment rate for a sample covering the whole 27 Member States of the European Union (EU-27), from 2010 to 2019. Moreover, this research explores the clusters of nations with reference to electronic commerce adoption and employment rate dynamics. The outcomes of cluster analysis show that Western Europe reveals the most developed e-commerce marketplace in EU-27, shown by Internet accessibility and high penetration rate of digital tools, and the lowest figures are registered in the Eastern part of Europe. Furthermore, the empirical findings of the panel data fixed-effects and the generalized least squares regressions suggest that electronic commerce influences employment rate positively. By including country-level control variables (real GDP growth rate, research and development expenditure, employed ICT specialists, enterprises with Internet access), the outcomes reveal that one percentage change in enterprises’ total turnover from e-commerce sales, enterprises’ turnover from web sales, and enterprises with e-commerce sales of at least 1% turnover will increase employment rate by 0.205, 0.258, and 0.350 percentage points. Furthermore, the econometric evidence from the method of moments quantile regression models with fixed effects reinforces our findings. Enterprises’ total turnover from e-commerce sales and the percentage of enterprises with e-commerce sales of at least 1% turnover positively influence employment rate for all quintiles, but in the case of enterprises’ turnover from web sales, the effect is positive only for the quintiles ranging from 0.5–0.8.

scholarly journals The Importance of Maritime Transport for Economic Growth in the European Union: A Panel Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7961
Author(s):  
Alexandra Fratila (Adam) ◽  
Ioana Andrada Gavril (Moldovan) ◽  
Sorin Cristian Nita ◽  
Andrei Hrebenciuc
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Panel Data Regression ◽  
Green Investment ◽  
Port Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact

Maritime transport is one of the main activities of the blue economy, which plays an important role in the EU. In this paper, we aim to assess the impact of maritime transport, related investment, and air pollution on economic growth within 20 countries of the European Union, using eight panel data regression models from 2007 to 2018. Our results confirm that maritime transport, air pollutants (NOx and SO2) from maritime transport, and investment in maritime port infrastructure are indeed positively correlated with economic growth. In other words, an increase of 10% in these factors has generated an associated increase in economic growth rate of around 1.6%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 0.7% respectively. Alongside the intensity of economic maritime activities, pollution is positively correlated with economic growth, and thus it is recommended that policymakers and other involved stakeholders act to diminish environmental impacts in this sector using green investment in port infrastructure and ecological ships, in accordance with the current European trends and concerns.

scholarly journals Analysis of tobacco industry pricing strategies in 23 European Union countries using commercial pricing data

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (e2) ◽  
pp. e102-e109 ◽  
Author(s):  
May C I van Schalkwyk ◽  
Martin McKee ◽  
Jasper V Been ◽  
Christopher Millett ◽  
Filippos T Filippidis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cigarette Price ◽  
Tobacco Tax ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

BackgroundThe tobacco industry (TI) can act to undermine the impact of tobacco tax increases by adopting various pricing strategies. Little is known about strategies used across the European Union (EU), except for the UK.AimTo examine pricing strategies adopted by the TI in the EU, and whether they differ by cigarette price segment, or between manufactured and roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes.MethodsThis is a longitudinal analysis of commercial pricing data for manufactured and RYO cigarettes from 23 EU countries in 2006–2017. Price and revenue trends were explored. Linear regression estimated the average annual change in revenue, and linear fixed-effects panel regression models were used to explore the association between changes in median revenue (net of tax and adjusted for inflation) and tax increases in different price segments of manufactured cigarettes.ResultsOver the 11-year period price gaps were observed in all countries. The average annual adjusted median net revenue per pack increased in 19 of 23 countries for manufactured and RYO cigarettes. A tax increase was associated with a significant decrease of −€0.09 in adjusted median net revenue per pack (95% CI −0.16 to −0.03) in the cheap cigarette price segment, while no change was detected in the expensive cigarette price segment (−€0.05, 95% CI −0.11 to 0.01).ConclusionAcross the EU, pricing strategies adopted by the TI maintained or increased price gaps and retained cheaper tobacco products in the market, diminishing the impact of tobacco tax increases. Further strengthening of tobacco taxation policy is needed to maximise public health impact.

scholarly journals Trade Balance Effects on Economic Growth: Evidence from European Union Countries

Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Deimante Blavasciunaite ◽  
Lina Garsviene ◽  
Kristina Matuzeviciute
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
The Impact

A growing number of recent research analyse the trade balance impact on economic growth. However, ambiguous results of studies imply the need for the research as the deteriorating trade balance hinders economic growth. This research aims to investigate the impact of the trade balance on economic growth as well as to evaluate it during the periods of trade deficit. Our estimations are based on the European Union (EU) 28 countries panel data over the period of 1998–2018, using the OLS method of multivariate regression analysis with fixed effects and focusing on two strategies: (i) including all trade balance periods, and (ii) adding deficit dummy variable seeking to evaluate whether during deficit periods we can find different and significant effect on economic growth. Evaluating all trade balance periods, the obtained results indicate the negative and lagging impact of the trade balance on economic growth, and no significant differences of the impact were identified during the deficit periods. The deterioration of trade balance reduces average economic growth and from linear relationship evaluation, we can state that it does not matter whether it starts from trade deficit or surplus result. The results obtained may also obscure the possibility of a non-linear effect, which would suggest a stronger negative impact on economic growth when the trade balance deteriorates in the presence of a large trade deficit. When discussing directions for further research it would make sense to consider other factors, such as the size of the deficit and its permanence.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Recent Financial Crisis' Impact on the Retail Electronic Commerce in the European Union in the USA and in Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Tomasz Czajkowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Recent Financial Crisis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
International Companies

The aim of this article is to compare and assess the impact of the recent financial crisis on the retail electronic commerce in the economies of the European Union, the USA and Poland. Therefore the selected data from the biggest international companies connected with the retail electronic commerce from the years 2007 and 2008 in comparison to the previous year, and the selected economic data from the economies of the USA, the European Union and Poland till the year 2009, concerning the utilization and value of the electronic commerce trade and the number of people doing shopping online, and conclusions drawn from the analyses of those data are presented and discussed.

Factors determining disproportions in men and women’s wages in the European Union countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-44
Author(s):  
Dorota Witkowska ◽  
Aleksandra Matuszewska-Janica
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Impact

The primary aim of the presented study was to identify how selected factors determining gender-based inequalities affected the volume of the unadjusted pay gap among employees hired in the European Union after the 2007 crisis compared to the pre-crisis situation.An additional purpose of the study was to indicate changes in the employment rates of men and women, as well as changes in the pay gap between the two sexes (measured by means of the gender pay gap index – GPG), which became noticeable in the EU countries after the crisis, as compared to the pre-crisis period. The study was conducted using single-equation descriptive econometric models describing the wage gap. The analysis was based on the results of the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) and the Labour Force Survey (LFS), both published by Eurostat. Due to data availability issues, data for 2006 were assumed to be representative for the situation prior to the crisis (the study took into account also countries which became member states in later years), while data covering the year 2012 (employment rate) and the years 2014–2018 (GPG) were assumed as representative for the post-crisis period. The analyses of the male and female employment rate and gender pay gaps indicate that following the crisis, the employment in the 24 EU countries became increasingly ‘feminised’, while no significant reduction of the pay gap was observed in the years 2006–2018. The obtained results indicate that greater ‘feminisation’ of employment is connected with greater gender pay gaps. A similar correlation occurs in relation to the professional activisation rate. In addition, significant differences are observed in terms of the impact some of the analysed factors have on the volume of the gender wage gap in different age and occupational groups.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of ICT Sector on Sustainable Development in the European Union: An Empirical Analysis Using Panel Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Sorin-Iulian Cioacă ◽  
Silvia-Elena Cristache ◽  
Mariana Vuță ◽  
Erika Marin ◽  
Mihai Vuță
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Digital Society ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Impact

Information and communication technologies (ICT) play a central role at the European level because it fosters innovation and increases productivity through an enlarged access to information. As such, the main objective of this work was to assess the impact of various ICT core indicators at the European Union level on two of their sustainable development goals: economic growth and reduction of inequality. To this purpose, we used panel data models based on data collected from the Eurostat database. We proposed two panel data regression models, according to which we found a positive statistically significant relationship between the variable measuring level of internet access and change in GDP per capita. We also found a negative relationship between the transition towards a digital society and the dependent variable INEQ_INC, namely an increase of 1% of ICT sector share in GDP will lead to a decrease of 0.27% of income inequality distribution. This result showed that the progress made in implementing a digital society may decrease societal income inequality.

scholarly journals Human Capital in Digital Economy: An Empirical Analysis of Central and Eastern European Countries from the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2020
Author(s):  
Adriana Grigorescu ◽  
Elena Pelinescu ◽  
Amalia Elena Ion ◽  
Monica Florica Dutcas
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Technology Talent ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Impact

The hypercompetitive global economy of the 21st century is a hub of innovation, technology, talent, skills, speed, efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction. Within this context, the organizations are looking intensely for people with skills and talents that can differentiate themselves in all that noise. The human capital became slowly but surely a mean of efficiency and growth, especially through the premises of digitization, and a key issue of sustainability. The current research is meant to identify and highlight any correlations that might appear between the population’s welfare of 11 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) which are members of the European Union (EU), and the components of the digitization trend, including the new human cloud industry, ICT, and the connectivity to the Internet of Things. In order to achieve the needed insights, the multiple regression analysis was employed, and the latter tested the panel models with fixed effects, both from a temporal and country perspective. The results showcased a positive connection between the dependent and independent variables, confirming that the digitization of the economy and the developed human capital will ultimately lead to the increase of population’s welfare. Moreover, the findings are consistent with specific insights for each of the 11 CEECs, showing that digitization and the influence of human capital is differentiated across the latter in terms of their overall effect and amplitude. The research is limited by the timeframe and countries included in the study, and it can be furthered by determining the impact of digitization on the economies of the EU28 countries grouped by level of development, and by using other significant indicators for analysis.

scholarly journals Measuring the Renewable Energy Efficiency at the European Union Level and Its Impact on CO2 Emissions

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihail Busu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Multilinear Regression ◽  
The Impact

Low carbon emissions have a great importance in our life. The increasing importance of carbon emission levels have attracted the interests of researchers and academics in the field. In this article, a panel data econometric model is developed to measure the relationship between renewable energy, energy productivity, population, urbanization, motorization, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and their impacts on carbon dioxide CO2 emissions. Data used in this study was collected from the European Statistical Office (EUROSTAT) and five statistical hypotheses were tested and validated through a multilinear regression model using the Econometric Views (Eviews) 10.0 statistical software. The Hausman test was used to choose between a model with fixed effects and a model with random effects, and the variance inflection factor (VIF) was used to test the collinearity between the independent variables. The author’s findings indicate that renewable energy at the European Union (EU) level has a positive impact on low-carbon emissions. It was found that a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption would reduce the CO2 emissions by 0.11 million tons, while population growth and urbanization degree add more restrictions to the econometric equation of the impact on carbon emissions.

scholarly journals The Impact of Trade Credit Investment on Manufacturing Firms' Profitability: Evidence from Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-796
Author(s):  
Duong Phuong Thao Pham ◽  
Thi Cam Ha Huynh
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study is to examine the effect that trade credit investment has on firms' profitability. The characteristics of this relationship have not been dealt with in depth for manufacturing firms. We use panel data for a total of 227 Vietnamese publicly listed manufacturing firms for the period 2005–2017. Different econometric estimation techniques such as the feasible generalized least squares, fixed effects and random effects and different calculation of firm performance such as non market-based measure (return on assets) and market-based measure (Tobin's q) are employed to validate the consistent results. The robust results confirm a statistically significant inverted U-shaped relationship between trade credit investment and profitability.

scholarly journals NON-TARIFF MEASURES IMPACT ON INDONESIAN FISHERY EXPORT

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rossanto Dwi Handoyo
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Coverage Ratio ◽  
Panel Data Regression ◽  
Data Regression ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to analyze the impact of Non tariff measures using sanitary and phytosanitary policy (SPS) and technical trade barriers (TBTs) on fishery exports of Indonesia and its trading partner countries such as China, South Korea, Vietnam, Canada, Russia and the European Union in period of 2007 to 2016. SPS and TBT are measured using inventory approach in the form of coverage ratio. In addition, this study uses a gravity model and panel data regression method. The results of this study indicate that the variables GDP of exporting country and GDP of importing country have a positive and significant effect on Indonesian fishery exports. Distance and SPS have a negative and significant effect on Indonesian fishery exports, while TBT has no effect on Indonesian fishery exports.  Keywords: Export, SPS and TBT, Fishery Export, coverage ratio

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