Две в одной

2015 ◽  
pp. 104-132
Author(s):  
Андрей Владимирович Боков
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
History Of

Modern architecture is not something that had been born from nothing at the turn of 20th century as somebody thinks. The roots of this phenomenon derive from the profane paradigm which constantly stays in a dialogue with the Sacred one and goes through all the history of human settlements. The remarkable events of architectural history and the current practice are the consequences of the relations (domination or balance) between the Sacred (high, ideal) and the profane (practical, functional) paradigms.

Pyongyang Modern: Architecture of Multiplicity in Postwar North Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-296
Author(s):  
Cheehyung Harrison Kim
Keyword(s):  
North Korea ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Work Culture ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Architectural Development

Abstract This article explores North Korea’s postwar reconstruction through the variegated features of architectural development in Pyongyang. The rebirth of Pyongyang as the center of both state authority and work culture is distinctly represented by architecture. In this setting, architecture as theory and practice was divided into two contiguous and interconnected types: monumental structures symbolizing the utopian vision of the state and vernacular structures instrumental to the regime of production in which the apartment was an exemplary form. The author makes three claims: first, Pyongyang’s monumental and vernacular architectural forms each embody both utopian and utilitarian features; second, the multiplicity of meaning exhibited in each architectural form is connected to the transnational process of bureaucratic expansion and industrial developmentalism; and third, North Korea’s postwar architectural history is a lens through which state socialism of the twentieth century can be better understood—not as an exceptional moment but as a constituent of globalized modernity, a historical formation dependent on the collusive expansion of state power and industrial capitalism. A substantial part of this article is a discussion of the methods and sources relevant to writing an architectural history of North Korea.

Guillotine tonsillectomy: a glimpse into its history and current status in the United Kingdom

2002 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 988-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mathews ◽  
J. Lancaster ◽  
I. Sherman ◽  
G. O. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Postal Questionnaire ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of

Guillotine tonsillectomy was the widely practised technique of tonsillectomy in the late 19th century as it was considered a quick and reliable method of removing tonsils. It fell into disrepute in the early 20th century. This paper reviews the history of the origin of the tonsillotome and traces the various modifications over the last few centuries. The current practice of guillotine tonsillectomy is examined by means of a postal questionnaire surveyof all UK consultants.

scholarly journals The Structural Rationalism and the sources of Brazilian Modern Architecture: method, de nitions and research potential

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Puppi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Organic Unity ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Architecture ◽  
Xix Century

The research has two main objectives: rst, expand the knowled- ge of the sources of the theory and practice of Brazilian modern architecture and, second, contribute to the consolidation of the cultural history of architecture in Brazil. Studying the structural rationalism as source of the Brazilian modern architecture does not only mean to deepen the knowledge already in progress on the latter, but also to apply the cultural history method to the stu- dy of the history of architecture in Brazil. For the recent research about the structural rationalism bene ted from the cultural history method and is part of the new architectural history of the XIX century, elaborated since 1990, approximately. In this context, the very de nition of structural rationalism is ampli ed and dee- pened. Instead of simply meaning a relation of cause and e ect between structure and architecture in which the structure is one of the architecture’s purposes, the structural rationalism is now understood as part of the new dynamic and organic conception of the architecture that emerges in the XIX century, for which, particularly, the structure is the means capable to fully generate the organic unity of the form. In this perspective, demonstrate that the structural rationalism is one of the sources, and more precisely one of the greatest sources of Brazilian modern architec- ture, not only permit to deepen the knowledge of the theoretical assumptions, but also the formal qualities of this architecture. As well as, consequently, the more general matters as the composi- tion method and the architecture’s cultural role that are relevant today and ever to the theory and the practice of the architecture. 

scholarly journals Professional Activities (1930–1981) of Latvian-Born Lithuanian Architect and Engineer Karolis Reisonas (1894–1981) in Kaunas, Panevėžys and Adelaide Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Sigitas Vladas Saladžinskas ◽  
Kristina Vaisvalavičienė
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Vocational School ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Urban Construction ◽  
History Of

The article introduces the professional activities of Latvian-born Lithuanian architect and engineer Karolis Reisonas (in Latvian: Kārlis Reisons; 1894–1981) in the second half of his life – from 1930 in Kaunas, Panevėžys and Adelaide cities – and his role in the history of Lithuanian architecture. K. Reisonas was one of the most prominent creators of modern 20th-century interwar Lithuanian architecture and together with other famous Lithuanian architects formed a special style of Kaunas modern architecture in interwar period. K. Reisonas is the author or co-author of representative buildings in Šiauliai, Kaunas and other Lithuanian cities, as well as in Riga and Adelaide cities. Architect and engineer K. Reisonas worked as Šiauliai City Engineer and Head of Municipal Construction Department (1922–1930), Director of Šiauliai Vocational School (1926), Consultant of Lithuanian Chamber of Agriculture (1927–1928), Head of Construction Department of Kaunas Municipality (1930– 1938), Panevėžys City Engineer (1940) and Burgomaster (1941–1944). From 1949, the Reisonas family lived in Adelaide city, Australia. To his projects three monuments of independence were built in Lithuania – Monument of Independence in Šiauliai city, Podium of the Freedom Monument of Kaunas city and Roman Catholic Christ’s Resurrection Church in Kaunas city. Fourteen of buildings in Lithuania (in Kaunas and Šiauliai cities) designed by him are included in the list of cultural values of Lithuania. Early K. Reisonas’ projects are characterized by historism, elements of eclecticism and «brick style», later projects are characterized by austere rationalism, functionalism, adaptation to urban construction and cultural and historical context.

scholarly journals Latviešu izcelsmes Lietuvas arhitekta un inženiera Kārļa Reisona (1894–1981) darbība (1930–1981) Kauņā, Panevēžā un Adelaidā

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
Sigits Vlads Saladžinsks ◽  
Kristina Vaisvalavičiene
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Vocational School ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Urban Construction ◽  
History Of

Raksts iepazīstina ar latviešu izcelsmes Lietuvas arhitekta un inženiera Kārļa Reisona (Karolis Reisonas; 1894–1981) profesionālo darbību mūža otrajā pusē – no 1930. gada Kauņā, Panevēžā un Adelaidā – un viņa darbu nozīmi Lietuvas arhitektūras vēsturē. K. Reisons bija viens no spilgtākajiem 20. gadsimta starpkaru perioda Lietuvas modernās arhitektūras radītājiem, kopā ar citiem slaveniem Lietuvas arhitektiem veidoja īpašo starpkaru perioda Kauņas modernās arhitektūras stilu. K. Reisons ir reprezentatīvu celtņu Šauļos, Kauņā un citās Lietuvas pilsētās, kā arī Rīgā un Adelaidā autors vai līdzautors. Arhitekts un inženieris K. Reisons strādāja par Šauļu pilsētas inženieri un pašvaldības Būvniecības nodaļas vadītāju (1922–1930), Šauļu arodskolas direktoru (1926), Lietuvas Lauksaimniecības kameras konsultantu (1927–1928), Kauņas pašvaldības Būvniecības nodaļas vadītāju (1930–1938), Panevēžas inženieri (1940) un birģermeistaru (1941–1944). No 1949. gada Reisonu ģimene dzīvoja Adelaidā, Austrālijā. Pēc viņa projektiem Lietuvā uzcelti trīs neatkarības pieminekļi – Šauļu Neatkarības piemineklis, Kauņas Brīvības pieminekļa postaments un Kauņas Romas katoļu Kristus Augšāmcelšanās baznīca. 14 no viņa projektētām celtnēm Kauņā un Šauļos ir iekļautas Lietuvas nekustamo kultūras vērtību sarakstā. Agrīniem K. Reisona projektiem raksturīgs historisms, eklektisma elementi, «ķieģeļu stils», vēlākie projekti iezīmējas ar modernismam raksturīgu askētisko racionālismu, funkcionālismu, piemērošanos pie pilsētbūvnieciskā un kultūrvēsturiskā konteksta. The article introduces the professional activities of Latvian-born Lithuanian architect and engineer Karolis Reisonas (in Latvian: Kārlis Reisons; 1894–1981) in the second half of his life – from 1930 in Kaunas, Panevėžys and Adelaide cities – and his role in the history of Lithuanian architecture. K. Reisonas was one  of the most prominent creators of modern 20th-century interwar Lithuanian architecture and together with other famous Lithuanian architects formed a special style of  Kaunas modern architecture in interwar  period. K.  Reisonas is the author or co-author of representative buildings in Šiauliai, Kaunas and other Lithuanian cities, as well as in Riga and Adelaide cities. Architect and engineer K. Reisonas worked as Šiauliai City Engineer and Head of Municipal Construction Department (1922–1930), Director of Šiauliai Vocational School (1926), Consultant of Lithuanian Chamber of Agriculture (1927–1928), Head of Construction Department of Kaunas Municipality (1930–1938), Panevėžys City Engineer (1940) and Burgomaster (1941–1944). From 1949, the Reisonas family lived in Adelaide city, Australia. To his projects three monuments of independence were built in Lithuania – Monument of Independence in Šiauliai city, Podium of the Freedom Monument of Kaunas city and Roman Catholic Christ’s Resurrection Church in Kaunas city. Fourteen of buildings in Lithuania (in Kaunas and Šiauliai cities) designed by him are included in the list of cultural values of Lithuania. Early K. Reisonas’ projects are characterized by historism, elements of eclecticism and «brick style», later projects are characterized by austere rationalism, functionalism, adaptation to urban construction and cultural and historical context.

Architecture of South Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushkar Sohoni
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Shared History ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

‘South Asia’ is a term used for the Indian subcontinent after its rearrangement into several independent nations in the mid-20th century. It includes the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Most of these countries have roots in common, shared history and culture, and very frequently, they have been part of the same empires—for example under the Mauryas, or the Mughals. The region is home to several faiths, the birthplace of the Indic religions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. In addition, the region has a long-standing presence of Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Sikhism, and Zoroastrianism. The entire region has rich architectural traditions, with various geographical and cultural zones employing their own regional idioms of construction while also participating in much larger aspirational architectural styles. Exploring a span from the Indus Valley civilization in the Bronze Age (3rd and 2nd millennia bce) to the modernism of new nations in the 20th century, there are several works that center on the architectural history of South Asia. While there are some journals that are dedicated to the architectural and art history of South Asia, there are others that include architectural history of South Asia significantly though the publication might have a slightly different focus. Most monographs are dedicated to specific periods, geographies, and themes. Because of the identity politics of the modern nations in South Asia, most architectural themes after 1947 (when the British left South Asia) are usually limited to each single nation, often not relating that nation’s architecture to that of neighboring countries. However, books before 1947 tend to use ‘India’ as a generic civilizational term for the entire South Asian region, and not just the nation state of India. This bibliography deliberately leaves out several kinds of publications such as archaeological reports, volumes in which architecture is only one of the many cultural facets, common textbooks that are usually introductory surveys of both architecture and art, and monographs that are narrowly focused on period and place.

An Army of Soldiers or a Meadow

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity D. Scott
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Museum Of Modern Art ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philip Johnson ◽  
American Consumer ◽  
Mies Van Der Rohe

An Army of Soldiers or a Meadow: The Seagram Building and the "Art of Modern Architecture" focuses on the New York headquarters of Joseph E. Seagram & Sons (1954–58), designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in association with Philip Johnson. Drawing upon archival documents and the history of the building's design and reception, Felicity D. Scott demonstrates the participation of the tower and its plaza in an important transformation of modern architecture—usually identified as the rise of Postmodernism. She closely analyzes the shifting assessment of a key interpreter of the building, Arthur Drexler (of New York's Museum of Modern Art) and carefully tracks the construction and reception of the landmark building's image within American consumer culture. Although Mies demanded that art grow out of the immanent forces of its time, he was ultimately sorrowful that cultural and economic forces made his design vocabulary the lingua franca of postwar commercial architecture. The author situates this landmark building in a manner that complicates our reading of its importance both to the field of architectural history and to the career of Mies van der Rohe.

Integrating virtual reality technology into architecture education: the case of architectural history courses

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Ibrahim ◽  
Amneh Ibrahim Al-Rababah ◽  
Qanita Bani Baker
Keyword(s):  
Architectural History ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Architectural Education ◽  
Knowledge Gain ◽  
Architecture Education ◽  
Content Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Architecture

Purpose Virtual reality (VR) technology invaded various domains including architecture practice and education. Despite its high applications in architecture design education, VR has a high potential to be used in architectural history courses as well. This paper aims to examine the effect of using VR technology on the students’ learning abilities of history of architecture. Design/methodology/approach The experimental approach was used. Two experiments were designed by creating virtual environments for two selected architectural examples from the Modern Architecture course. The participants who were students of Modern Architecture class had to complete two questionnaires, one for each example. The first one was based on Bloom’s taxonomy, and the other was prepared to test the participants’ analytical and critical skills. Besides, participants had to fill out satisfaction and ease-of-use survey on a five-step Likert scale. Findings Participants in the VR condition achieved better grades in knowledge gain compared to those in the traditional conditions. Their analytical and critical thinking skills were improved in the VR conditions. Gender has a significant impact on analytical and critical thinking skills. Participants recorded a high level of satisfaction; however, male students were more satisfied than female students who reported concerns about the weight of the used tools and nausea symptoms. Research limitations/implications This study informs architecture education and provides insights into the potentials of using advanced technology in architectural history education. Teaching the various history of architecture courses will be improved, shifted toward a more student-centered curriculum, and may acquire more excitement and conscious curiosity. Originality/value Using VR in architectural education is rigorous in architectural design courses and students’ design projects’ presentations. This research expands architectural education research by examining other ways of teaching history of architecture courses and its effect on the students’ knowledge gain and performance.

Albert Kahn

2022 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Ford Motor Company ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Assembly Lines ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Steel Company ◽  
Industrial Architecture ◽  
Recent Attention ◽  
Intellectual Climate

Though he has been marginalized in most mainstream accounts of modern architecture, Albert Kahn (b. 1869–d. 1942) is increasingly considered one of the most important and consequential US architects of the 20th century. Kahn is known primarily for the technically innovative and rigorously functional factory buildings that his still-extant firm Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. (founded 1903) designed for automotive manufacturers, including the Ford Motor Company, but his firm was also responsible for hundreds of eclectically styled buildings for other purposes in Detroit, Michigan. Research and writing regarding Albert Kahn often requires considerable effort to disambiguation. Most importantly, Albert Kahn the man is far from a synecdoche for the firm he founded, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc., which employed upward of several hundred people at its height and is still in operation under the simplified Kahn moniker today. Some mid-20th century historians and critics substituted the inaccurate and often derogatory moniker “Albert Kahn Inc.” as name for the firm to suggest its alienated and impersonal nature. Albert Kahn’s siblings are also worthy of attention in their own right. Frequently mentioned in the extant literature are brothers Julius (b. 1874–d. 1942) who was a trained engineer, inventor and co-founder of the highly successful Trussed Concrete Steel Company; Moritz (b. 1880–d. 1939), who was also an executive of the Kahn firm pivotal in its operations in the USSR between 1929 and 1932, and occasionally Louis (b. 1885–d. 1945), who was a manager and executive in the Kahn firm. Views of Albert Kahn have served as a barometer for the intellectual climate in architecture culture since the early 20th century, indexing the relative importance of aesthetics, ethics, and technics. Studies of Kahn and his firm have, until recently, primarily focused on their contributions to industrial architecture and the influence of their early factory buildings on architecture culture at large. These studies often describe the give-and-take between assembly lines and the streamlined, pragmatic design of the buildings that encompassed them. An upsurge of recent attention to Kahn’s work has been oriented away from issues of design toward larger histories. Some scholars have addressed the shift toward large, integrated offices within the profession, for which Albert Kahn Associates was a groundbreaking exemplar. Others have addressed the ways Kahn served the growth of global enterprise, revealing that his marginalization from architectural history has effaced the willful complicity of US architects in compounding capitalist power and solidifying its ideology. These topics remain rich veins for future researchers.

scholarly journals Latviešu izcelsmes Lietuvas arhitekts un inženieris Kārlis Reisons (1894–1981) un viņa profesionālā darbība Šauļos

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 97-113
Author(s):  
Sigits Vlads Saladžinsks ◽  
Kristina Vaisvalavičiene
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Vocational School ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Urban Construction ◽  
History Of

Raksts iepazīstina  ar Latvijā mazzināma latviešu  izcelsmes Lietuvas arhitekta un inženiera Kārļa Reisona (Karolis Reisonas; 1894–1981) dzīvi un profesionālo darbību Šauļos, kā arī aktualizē svarīgākās arhitekta daiļrades mantojuma iezīmes un viņa darbu nozīmi Lietuvas arhitektūras vēsturē. K. Reisons bija viens no spilgtākajiem 20. gadsimta starp-karu perioda Lietuvas modernās arhitektūras radītājiem. K. Reisons ir reprezentatīvu celtņu Lietuvas pilsētās, kā arī Rīgā un Adelaidā (Austrālija) autors vai līdzautors. Rīgas reālskolas (1913) un Sanktpēterburgas civilinženieru institūta (1920) absolvents K. Reisons strādāja par Šauļu pilsētas inženieri un pašvaldības Būvniecības nodaļas vadītāju (1922–1930), Šauļu būvniecības desmitnieku1 kursu (1925), vēlāk arī Šauļu arodskolas direktoru (1926), Lietuvas Lauksaimniecības kameras konsultantu (1927–1928). 14 no viņa projektētām celtnēm Kauņā un Šauļos ir iekļautas Lietuvas Kultūras vērtību reģistrā. Agrīniem K. Reisona projektiem raksturīgs historisms ar eklektisma elementiem un tā sauktais «ķieģeļu stils». Vēlākie projekti iezīmējas ar modernajai arhitektūrai  raksturīgu  askētisko racionālismu, funkcionālismu un piemērošanos pilsētbūvniecības un kultūrvēsturiskajam kontekstam. Pēc Otrā pasaules kara viņš ar ģimeni emigrēja uz Vāciju, vēlāk – uz Adelaidu, piedalījies Adelaidas lietuviešu kopienas dzīvē. The article introduces the professional activities of Latvian-born Lithuanian architect and engineer Karolis Reisonas (in Latvian: Kārlis Reisons; 1894–1981) in the second half of his life – from 1930 in Kaunas, Panevėžys and Adelaide cities – and his role in the history of Lithuanian architecture. K. Reisonas was one of the most prominent creators of modern 20th-century interwar Lithuanian architecture and together with other famous Lithuanian architects formed a special style of Kaunas modern architecture in interwar period. K. Reisonas is the author or co-author of representative buildings in Šiauliai, Kaunas and other Lithuanian cities, as well as in Riga and Adelaide cities. Architect and engineer K. Reisonas worked as Šiauliai City Engineer and Head of Municipal Construction Department (1922–1930), Director of Šiauliai Vocational School (1926), Consultant of Lithuanian Chamber of Agriculture (1927–1928), Head of Construction Department of Kaunas Municipality (1930–1938), Panevėžys City Engineer (1940) and Burgomaster (1941–1944). From 1949, the Reisonas family lived in Adelaide city, Australia. To his projects three monuments of independence were built in Lithuania – Monument of Independence in Šiauliai city, Podium of the Freedom Monument of Kaunas city and Roman Catholic Christ’s Resurrection Church in Kaunas city. Fourteen of buildings in Lithuania (in Kaunas and Šiauliai cities) designed by him are included in the list of cultural values of Lithuania. Early K. Reisonas’ projects are characterized by historism, elements of eclecticism and «brick style», later projects are characterized by austere rationalism, functionalism, adaptation to urban construction and cultural and historical context.

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