Hubungan Indonesia-Barat dalam Pasca 1965

Akademika ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
Rohani Hj. Ab Ghani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Soft Power

ABSTRAK Kemunculan kerajaan Order Baru yang dipimpin Presiden Suharto telah menukar paradigma dasar luar Indonesia menjadi lebih rapat dengan negara Barat berbanding dengan zaman kekuasaan Presiden Sukarno. Artikel ini membincangkan mengenai senario yang membawa kepada kewujudan peluang kepada negara kuasa Barat seperti Amerika Syarikat (AS) dan Britain untuk menguatkan pengaruh di negara itu. Selain itu, artikel ini juga turut menganalisis dimensi hubungan yang lebih makro yang berbentuk multilateral dengan negara-negara sekutu Barat yang lain seperti Australia, New Zealand, Jepun dan Perancis serta pertubuhan-pertubuhan antarabangsa. Hubungan ini direalisasikan melalui kerjasama ekonomi, sosial dan kebudayaan demi kepentingan pembangunan Indonesia dalam era pentadbiran Order Baru. Artikel ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dengan pendekatan historiografi. Datadata sejarah dianalisis secara diskriptif dengan menggunakan sumber-sumber primer dan sekunder. Bahan-bahan primer merupakan rekod-rekod rasmi kerajaan British yang diperoleh dari Arkib Negara United Kingdom dan rekodrekod Jabatan Negara AS yang diakses dari laman sesawang rasmi Arkib Jabatan Luar AS (Office of Historians). Bahan-bahan sekunder yang terdiri daripada buku, artikel dan bahan-bahan atas talian. Dapatan utama penulisan ini membuktikan elemen ‘soft power’ iaitu bantuan ekonomi dan sosial telah membentuk persekitaran politik baru di Indonesia semasa era Order Baru. Tujuan bantuan-bantuan ini adalah bertujuan untuk mengukuhkan pengaruh di rantau ini dalam menyekat ancaman komunis di Asia Tenggara (AT) semasa Perang Dingin. Kata kunci: Order Baru; Presiden Suharto; Presiden Sukarno; soft power; Perang Dingin

A Comparative Study of the State of Ethics in Youth Work Practice in Jamaica, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleopatra Monique Parkins
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Work Practice ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Youth Work ◽  
Youth Workers ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
The United Kingdom

Even though youth work has played a critical role in fostering the holistic development of today’s youth, much controversy has surrounded the practice. Nevertheless, youth workers are slowly being accorded professional status, and a code of ethics has been developed in some jurisdictions. Some states are still to adopt this code; consequently the credibility of youth workers and the sector in general sway with the wind. This article presents a comparative analysis of ethical practices of youth work in Jamaica, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, examining current trends in observing ethics and addressing ethical issues. In the case of Jamaica, the researcher used the non-probability convenience sampling technique and collected primary data from a questionnaire administered to a sample of youth workers. The perspective of the ministerial arm responsible for youth work in Jamaica was also captured through an interview. In the case of Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, the framework of the profession and specifically matters pertaining to ethical practices were examined through the use of secondary data sources, which included reports on youth work practices in the selected countries. A mixed methodology was employed in analysing the data collected. The major findings of this study confirmed that advancing youth work as a profession is dependent on the acceptance and integration of a formal code of ethics, that youth workers must receive training on ethics and that a national youth work policy is important to guide youth work practice. In accordance with the findings, the researcher makes a number of recommendations and highlights notable best practices that may help with the overall professionalisation of the sector.

scholarly journals A scoping review of female drowning: an underexplored issue in five high-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kym Roberts ◽  
Ogilvie Thom ◽  
Susan Devine ◽  
Peter A. Leggat ◽  
Amy E. Peden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
High Income ◽  
Public Health Issue

Abstract Background Drowning is a significant public health issue, with females accounting for one third of global drowning deaths. The rate of female drowning has not decreased within high-income countries and presentations to hospital have increased. This scoping review aimed to explore adult female unintentional drowning, including risk factors, clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning. Methods A systematic search of the literature following the PRISMA-ScR framework was undertaken. The databases OVID MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, OVID Emcare, Web of Science, Informit and Scopus were accessed. Study locations of focus were Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Studies from January 2003 to April 2019 were included. The quality of evidence of included studies was assessed using GRADE guidelines. Results The final search results included 14 studies from Australia (n = 4), Canada (n = 1), New Zealand (n = 1), United States (n = 6), United Kingdom (n = 1), and one study reporting data from both Australia and United States. Nine studies reported risk factors for female drowning including age, with the proportion of female drowning incidence increasing with age. Although females are now engaging in risk-taking behaviours associated with drowning that are similar to males, such as consuming alcohol and swimming in unsafe locations, their exposure to risky situations and ways they assess risk, differ. Females are more likely to drown from accidental entry into water, such as in a vehicle during a flood or fall into water. This review found no evidence on the clinical treatment provided to females in hospital after a drowning incident, and only a small number of studies reported the clinical outcomes of females, with inconsistent results (some studies reported better and some no difference in clinical outcomes among females). Conclusion Adult females are a group vulnerable to drowning, that have lacked attention. There was no single study found which focused solely on female drowning. There is a need for further research to explore female risk factors, the clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning. This will not only save the lives of females, but also contribute to an overall reduction in drowning.

The International Law Standard in the Statutes of Australia and the United Kingdom

1979 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Crawford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Robert Wilson ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
International Role

In a series of articles in this Journal, Professor Robert Wilson drew attention to the incorporation of references to international law in United States statutes, a technique designed to allow recourse to international law by the courts in interpreting and implementing those statutes, and, consequently, to help ensure conformity between international and U.S. law. The purpose of this article is to survey the references, direct and indirect, to international law in the 20th-century statutes of two Commonwealth countries in order to see to what extent similar techniques have been adopted. The choice of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Australia as the subjects of this survey is no doubt somewhat arbitrary (although passing reference will be made to the legislation of Canada and New Zealand). But the United Kingdom, a semi-unitary state whose involvement in international relations has been substantial throughout the century, and the Commonwealth of Australia, a federal polity with substantial legislative power over foreign affairs and defense -whose international role has changed markedly since 1901, do provide useful examples of states with constitutional and legislative continuity since 1901, and (as will be seen) considerable legislative involvement in this field.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in domestic indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Harrad ◽  
Catalina Ibarra ◽  
Miriam Diamond ◽  
Lisa Melymuk ◽  
Matthew Robson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Indoor Dust ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers

A causal factors analysis of helicopter accidents in New Zealand 1996-2005 and the United Kingdom 1986-2005

2009 ◽  
Vol 113 (1148) ◽  
pp. 647-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Majumdar ◽  
K. Mak ◽  
C. Lettington ◽  
P. Nalder
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Logical Scheme ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Factors Analysis ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
Operational Failures ◽  
Attention Failure ◽  
Operational Failure

Abstract Helicopter accidents cause many fatalities, and their avoidance is a major area of work for Civil Aviation safety authorities around the World. This paper uses helicopter accident data from the United Kingdom between 1986 and 2005 for 566 accidents and from New Zealand between 1996 and 2006 for 230 accidents to analyse helicopter accidents according to five categories of causes: airworthiness failure (engine); airworthiness failure (non-engine), operational failure, maintenance failure and mixed failure (i.e. operational and airworthiness combined). Factors associated with accidents, e.g. the engine types and weights of the helicopters involved; the nature of the operations and the phase of flight of the helicopter are also analysed. Operational failures were further analysed by Human Factors Analysis and Classification Scheme (HFACS) and airworthiness failures by a logical scheme of helicopter components. The results indicate that operational failures, especially due to unsafe acts, are the major cause of accidents in both countries followed by airworthiness causes. Light single piston helicopters are by far the major group associated with accidents in both countries, with few accidents for twin turbine helicopters. The majority of accidents were in non-public operations with few in public operations and in both countries, the cruise/flight/circuit phase has the largest number of accidents. Further analyses indicated statistically significant associations: type of helicopter and the cause of accidents; type of helicopter and the phase of flight; cause of accidents and nature of flights; cause of accidents and phase of flights; training flights and inadequate supervision; landing and procedural error and cruise and attention failure.

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