scholarly journals Real vs. Virtual City: Planning Issues in a Discontinuous Urban Area in Budapest’s Inner City

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 150-163
Author(s):  
Melinda Benkő ◽  
Bence Bene ◽  
Ádám Pirity ◽  
Árpád Szabó ◽  
Tamás Egedy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
City Planning ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

<p>The 21st century has brought fundamental changes in the development of cities, with the spread of ICT and the rise of digitalization. The new technologies are increasingly making their mark on urban planning and policy as well. The question of how contemporary urban planning is adapting to new challenges is particularly relevant as neighborhoods built in previous centuries and decades by traditional planning methods are now increasingly confronted with new public and environmental demands. Despite the bad reputation of Budapest’s 8th district, Józsefváros, based on the socio-economic and urban problems it has continuously faced in the past, the neighborhood has become one of the most dynamically developing urban areas in the last decade. From a planning point of view, an exciting area of the district is Szigony Street and its wider surroundings due to the strongly fragmented, heterogeneous urban fabric. Nevertheless, the only high-rise mass housing estate built in Budapest’s historic inner city in the 1960s and 1970s is located there. Our research used a complex methodology (document, content and database analysis, fieldwork, surveys with professionals, and interviews) to explore the planning history of the area’s development. Ultimately, the aim was to identify the most important outcomes and consequences of traditional and contemporary planning and design and whether modern digital planning can make a meaningful contribution to the development of the neighborhood. Our results show that urban planning and development in Budapest are still essentially based on traditional top-down approaches. Digitalization has a role to play primarily in visualization and contextualization but digitalizing of planning alone will not solve problems and past planning mistakes that affect the urban fabric of a neighborhood.</p>

Reproductive mortality and its relation to different methods of birth control

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Högberg ◽  
Stig Wall
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
The Us ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
High Level ◽  
Family Planning Methods

SummaryThis report evaluates the decrease in maternal mortality and its relation to family planning methods in Sweden during the years 1911–80. In the 1930s fertility was low but illegal abortions were at a high level and the associated maternal death rate was 18·5 per 1000 women. With the legalization of abortion and the introduction of modern contraceptive methods, the crude reproductive mortality rate in 1965–70 was 1·7 per 100,000 women and this was reduced still further, especially for younger women, by the late 1970s. Standardized reproductive mortality was then 80% higher than the crude rate, indicating the importance of modern family planning methods. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive or IUD use in Sweden during the 1960s and 1970s was lower than in England and the US. Mortality associated with sterilization was 6·2 per 100,000 procedures.

The Counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake Slonecker
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sexual Revolution ◽  
Corporate America ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Acid Rock ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Aggressive Male ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Mainstream Society ◽  
The 1960S

In the decade after 1965, radicals responded to the alienating features of America’s technocratic society by developing alternative cultures that emphasized authenticity, individualism, and community. The counterculture emerged from a handful of 1950s bohemian enclaves, most notably the Beat subcultures in the Bay Area and Greenwich Village. But new influences shaped an eclectic and decentralized counterculture after 1965, first in San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury district, then in urban areas and college towns, and, by the 1970s, on communes and in myriad counter-institutions. The psychedelic drug cultures around Timothy Leary and Ken Kesey gave rise to a mystical bent in some branches of the counterculture and influenced counterculture style in countless ways: acid rock redefined popular music; tie dye, long hair, repurposed clothes, and hip argot established a new style; and sexual mores loosened. Yet the counterculture’s reactionary elements were strong. In many counterculture communities, gender roles mirrored those of mainstream society, and aggressive male sexuality inhibited feminist spins on the sexual revolution. Entrepreneurs and corporate America refashioned the counterculture aesthetic into a marketable commodity, ignoring the counterculture’s incisive critique of capitalism. Yet the counterculture became the basis of authentic “right livelihoods” for others. Meanwhile, the politics of the counterculture defy ready categorization. The popular imagination often conflates hippies with radical peace activists. But New Leftists frequently excoriated the counterculture for rejecting political engagement in favor of hedonistic escapism or libertarian individualism. Both views miss the most important political aspects of the counterculture, which centered on the embodiment of a decentralized anarchist bent, expressed in the formation of counter-institutions like underground newspapers, urban and rural communes, head shops, and food co-ops. As the counterculture faded after 1975, its legacies became apparent in the redefinition of the American family, the advent of the personal computer, an increasing ecological and culinary consciousness, and the marijuana legalization movement.

scholarly journals La ciudad elevada de Le Corbusier

ZARCH ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Zaparaín Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Key Words ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
Nuevas Tecnologías

Muchas de las imágenes con las que Le Corbusier construyó su paisaje urbano procedían de las infraestructuras elevadas. Estas le aportaron dos visiones novedosas: se sustituía al tradicional observador a ras de suelo por la vista de pájaro y se superaba el estatismo de la perspectiva focal con un travelling dinámico desde el automóvil. Para conseguirlo, tomó prestada de la ingeniería civil la idea de crear una plataforma sobre pilotis, en la que disponer los edificios y las calles. Empleó la superposición de usos que permitía esa sección como instrumento urbanístico para zonificar y separar las circulaciones de lo habitacional. Esa plataforma, que al principio se limitaba al nivel inferior, evolucionó inspirándose en autopistas y puentes para definir algunos recursos plásticos que luego fueron imprescindibles en su arquitectura, como el viaducto habitado o la rampa, siempre asociados al movimiento y con dimensión territorial. De este análisis se desprende la habilidad corbuseriana para traducir las nuevas tecnologías a formas verdaderamente abstractas, su versatilidad para usar a diversas escalas los mismos elementos, la fidelidad a sus sistemas característicos y la capacidad para generar grandes iconos de la modernidad mediante la eficaz combinación propagandística de imágenes, gráficos y eslóganes. Palabras clave: Le Corbusier, ciudad, infraestructuras, circulaciones, viaductos Many of the images used by Le Corbusier to depict his urban landscape are from the high ways and bridges. This allowed him to change the traditional point of view in two ways: replacing the traditional observer at ground level by the bird's eye and changing the statism of the focal perspective which was replaced with a dynamic traveling from the car. To do this, he borrowed from civil engineering the idea of ​​creating a platform of pilotis, and to putting up the buildings and the streets. He used the superposition of uses that allowed that section as an urban planning instrument to zoning and separate the circulations of the housing. This platform, which at first was limited to the lower level, evolved inspired by motorways and bridges to define some plastic resources that were then essential in its architecture, such as the inhabited viaduct or ramp, always associated with movement and territorial dimension. This analysis reveals the ability of Le Corbusier to translate new technologies into truly abstract forms, his versatility to use the same elements at different scales, his fidelity to their characteristic systems and his ability to generate great icons of modernity through the effective combination of propaganda, images, graphics and slogans. Key words: Le Corbusier, city, road infrastructure, circulation, viaduct

scholarly journals Unsustaineble pseudo-urban consequences of legal and urban terminology

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
Velimir Cerimovic
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Integrative Concept ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Planning And Construction

City planning is a complex task and through this work we face the space and natural resources that expose the exploitation (that are to be exploited and prone to unsustainable change). Often without environmental responsibility and the imperative of creating certain measures we make superstructure no matter how much the environment may be disrupted, and whether such relationships create a better society, better network of urban settlements and a better man. At that may also affect our knowledge which is often due to a variety of doctrines and legislative regulations that are applied in the planning and management space. From this it can be seen that modern architecture did not contribute to the creation of better cities. Also, urban planning is mainly restricted to the regulation and it neglected the creative action, regional-planning is lost in theoretical research, while the consideration of the whole problem is abandoned. In addition to this, in today?s transitional terms and the domineering (dominant) urban crisis unsustainable combination and identification of the ?2D? and the ?3D? terminology is recognizable, which is only indicators that in the field of urban planning some transitional trends are prevailing. This unsustainable state of affairs in the transitional planning of urban areas can be applied in the most suitable way to pseudo-urbanization, sub-urbanization, unbalanced eco-reciprocity, non-standard construction of the urban tissue, discontinuity inherited and newly constructed urban substance. In this regard, consequently expressed negative environmental legacy of reproduction and the increased effect of the negative consequences of greenhouse gases from the threatening climate change, only shows that urban planners are not sinless and, they more or less (un)consciously complicit and participate in the contamination of urban and environment. In the end, it definitely guides us to the need to leave or transformation of the previous concept of planning and urbanization, which of us greatly and led to today's threatening effects of greenhouse gases. On this bases the need to articulate the sustainable integrative concept can be recognized with a high degree of urban eco-awareness, knowledge and skills of all professions that participate in the planning and construction of sustainable eco-urban development built environment.

Cinema and Television

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Burns
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Satellite Television ◽  
Mobile Phone Technology ◽  
Moving Images ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Postcolonial Africa ◽  
The 1960S

The history of moving images in Africa dates to the late 19th century, when the first films premiered in South Africa shortly after their world debut in Paris. By 1940 cinema had become a staple of public leisure in urban areas across the continent. In the postwar era cinema’s popularity grew in cities and began to make inroads into rural areas. In the 1930s, colonial administrators started producing didactic films for African consumption. Before the Second World War, the majority of films made for African audiences were produced by administrators in British territories. In the postwar era other colonial governments got involved to varying degrees in the project to educate Africans through film. Films for African education continued to be produced and distributed in the postcolonial era by governments and international aid organizations. The earliest commercial film industry in Africa emerged in South Africa during the silent era. Elsewhere, indigenous production did not begin until the late colonial period. Television came relatively late to Africa, premiering in Nigeria during the waning days of colonial rule and being introduced gradually during the 1960s and 1970s in most nations. The initial reach of television was limited by the poverty of most Africa consumers, and African governments produced few original television programs before 2000. The economic crisis that gripped postcolonial Africa in the 1960s shuttered many urban cinemas and limited television’s reach at a time when it was expanding globally. During this period African artists, frequently with the financial assistance of Western governments, and technical training on both sides of the iron curtain, began producing their own films. A central concern of these pioneering artists was to provide a response to the negative depictions of Africa that were a staple of Western commercial cinema. The distribution of these films was limited on the continent, though many received critical acclaim when shown at film festivals in Europe and North America. In the 1980s audiences in West Africa became consumers of a new genre of moving image, video films, which were produced on limited budgets in urban areas in West Africa. The advent of satellite television services in the 1990s made moving images increasingly accessible to African people across the continent. The end of apartheid in 1990 also proved a fillip to cinema and television production in southern Africa. In the 21st century the availability of visual images has expanded across the continent, as individual ownership of televisions has risen broadly and mobile phone technology has made moving images available to many other consumers.

Delivering Instruction to the Distance Learner

2010 ◽  
pp. 196-227
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Tomei
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Nontraditional Education ◽  
Distance Learner ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
National Trends

During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of alternatives to traditional higher education developed in the United States as a direct result of numerous social upheavals. National trends that included the rapidly rising costs of traditional education, curiosity with informal and nontraditional education, increasingly mobile populations, growth of career-oriented predilection, the quickening pace of new technologies (and, therefore, the need for learning new skills), and general public dissatisfaction with educational institutions brought about a mounting interest in distance learning.

New Low-Cost Transport Planning Method for Small and Medium-Sized Cities in Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (9) ◽  
pp. 922-932
Author(s):  
Michael J. Saunders ◽  
Lasha Nakashidze ◽  
Aleksei Lugovoi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Advanced Degree ◽  
Transport Planning ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Sub Saharan

Traditional transport planning methods are costly and require an advanced degree of understanding not only from the involved transport planning professionals, but also the politicians who must approve the resulting outcomes and transport interventions proposed that are based on these traditional methods. A different approach is proposed for small and medium-sized cities in developing countries that have less technical expertise and fewer financial resources to improve their public transport situation. This approach was trialed in a medium-sized city in West-Asia (Batumi, Georgia) and also in Central Asia, in a larger city (Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan). The planning interventions suggested in the medium-sized city were validated by an independent consultant at the request of Batumi City planning agency, using traditional transport planning methods, which shows promise for the new low-cost method proposed. With additional validation and research, it may be possible to expand and apply this method to South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and any other area of the world suffering from similar transport planning constraints to these developing regions. If successful, these planning methods could rapidly transform such cities and urban areas to become less carbon intensive and concurrently more efficient and comfortable for public transport users.

Migratory Moves and Mobilizing Tactics in British Contemporary Dance

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (S1) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Henrietta Bannerman
Keyword(s):  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
Modern Dance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Contemporary Dance ◽  
Dance History ◽  
American Modern Dance ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Phenomenological Point

This paper concerns the migration of American modern dance to Britain throughout the 1960s and 1970s when Martha Graham's technique and repertory were introduced to British dancers and audiences. The author addresses these issues from a historical and phenomenological point of view using her memories and reflections, the data from the research she has conducted into this milestone in British dance history, and the theories of Pierre Bourdieu.

scholarly journals Integration of Instruments for the Protection of Natural Protected Areas in Urban and Biodiversity Strategies and in Urban Planning Regulations

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cerasella Crăciun ◽  
◽  
Atena Ioana Gârjoabă ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Urban Ecology ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Natural Protected Areas ◽  
Spatial Point ◽  
Urban Settlements

Approximately 75% of the urban settlements in Romania are superimposed or are tangent to at least one natural protected area, these not being integrated from the point of view of their regulation in the urban strategies and in the urban planning regulations. From a spatial point of view, this type of relationship often represents a contrast between the urban fabric and the quasi-natural fabric. However, in the regulatory or strategy instruments for the development of urban settlements, where such contrasts exist, they are only integrated at the border level. The ecotone is, in most cases, the only element mentioned in urban planning instruments and is approached as a land that can only function in isolation and that in no way can support urban development. This reluctance and fear of approaching natural protected areas, also negatively influences the conception of the community, investors and the administration. Urban actors are not informed and therefore not motivated, but neither do they have the opportunity to get involved in the conservation and protection process. The purpose of this article is to research urban and biodiversity strategies at E.U level, to identify gaps in the formulation of urban planning tools, what are the reasons behind generating these gaps and how they can be eliminated, or at least mitigated. The analysis will focus on some models of urban strategies which address natural protected areas, but will also consider related elements, directly related to their conservation, urban ecology and the involvement in the process of urban actors.

scholarly journals LANDSCAPE APPROACH IN CITY-PLANNING

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris I. Kochurov ◽  
Yulia A. Khaziakhmetova ◽  
Irina V. Ivashkina ◽  
Ekaterina A. Sukmanova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Landscape Approach ◽  
Visual Research Methods ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
The City

Aim. The aim is to justify the application of the landscape approach in urban planning on the basis of theoretical concepts of landscape studies and the requirements of urban planning practices. Discussion. The basic scheme of the landscape approach is to study the natural and anthropogenic landscape as a complex geosystem consisting of a complex of various components which form the planning structure of the city. In territorial and urban planning, the structure and properties of natural and urban landscapes are revealed using functional, historical-genetic, morphotypic, geo-ecological and visual research methods. Abroad, a similar trend is called "landscape urbanism", the theoretical basis of which is based on the understanding that the best option for the organization of urban areas should be based on the landscape features of the city. With the use of the above-mentioned approaches, an urban landscape approach is being formed, a new nature-urban planning system which, in addition to natural complexes, includes man-made structures: buildings, infrastructure, parks and squares. If the natural landscape is a self-regulating geo-system, then the urban one is controlled by man. When taking actions to transform natural landscapes should be taken into account their structure and functioning, as well as the limits of possible impacts and the likely consequences of these changes. Conclusion. The demand for a landscape approach is constantly growing as a result of the significant transformation of modern cities, the replacement of architectural styles, the growth of urban space and communications, the desire to improve the quality of the urban environment and the comfort of the urban population.

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