INTERACTION OF GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY (TRIALEURODES VAPORARIORUM) AND ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE (MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA) ON NEMATODE-RESISTANCE IN WILD WATERMELON

The Mi-1.2 gene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a member of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) class of plant resistance genes, and confers resistance against root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), and the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Mi-1.2 mediates a rapid local defensive response at the site of infection, although the signaling and defensive pathways required for resistance are largely unknown. In this study, eggplant (S. melongena) was transformed with Mi-1.2 to determine whether this gene can function in a genetic background other than tomato. Eggplants that carried Mi-1.2 displayed resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica but were fully susceptible to the potato aphid, whereas a susceptible tomato line transformed with the same transgene was resistant to nematodes and aphids. This study shows that Mi-1.2 can confer nematode resistance in another Solanaceous species. It also indicates that the requirements for Mi-mediated aphid and nematode resistance differ. Potentially, aphid resistance requires additional genes that are not conserved between tomato and eggplant.

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Root knot tolerance in some grape vine rootstocks

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9670580 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 7 (29) ◽

pp. 580 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MR Sauer

Keyword(s):

Growth Habit ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Meloidogyne Javanica ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Grape Vine ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Moderate Resistance

Sultana vines grafted on rootstocks with slight to moderate resistance to root knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood, were planted in root knot infested sandy loam soil in an established vineyard that had been fumigated with DD at 20 gallons an acre immediately after old vines were removed. Over a seven-year period vigorous high yielding vines were produced on the rootstocks 101-14 and Rupestris du Lot. An off type 101-14 and 420A were less successful. Ungrafted sultana vines in the same soil matched grafted vines in growth for three or four years, then failed to keep pace. Total yields from vines on 101-14 and du Lot in the fifth to seventh seasons were twice the yields of the ungrafted, and differences in growth appear to be increasing. Because of better growth habit and higher nematode resistance 101-14 is preferred to du Lot.

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Combining resistance to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood, and Fusarium wilt in hybrid tomatoes

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9580182 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 182 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

JE Giles ◽

EM Hutton

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Severe Infection ◽

Meloidogyne Javanica ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

Agronomic Characters ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Irregular Pattern ◽

Agronomic Quality ◽

Selection Of

Two tomato hybrids bred at the Hawaiian Experiment Station for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & Thite) Chitmood proved also to be resistant to M. javanica, which is dominant in the Murray Valley and subtropical areas of Australia. These hybrids also possessed resistance to a range of Australian isolates of the fusarium wilt fungus (Fusarium bulbigenum var. lycopersicli(Brushi) Wollenweber & Reinking). Both these important characters were heritable and could be recombined with agronomic quality in hybrids. Fusarium wilt resistance showed positive potence in the progenies. Root-knot nematode resistance had an irregular pattern of inheritance. The potential of varieties as parents was first gauged from simple crosses. The desirable characters were then concentrated in progenies by a modified backoross followed by selfing and successive selection. Yielding ability has been maintained and suitable agronomic characters have been achieved in the hybrids by the breeding methods used. The work has indicated that suitable crop rotation will be necessary to prevent the selection of nematode strains capable of causing severe infection.

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Incorporation of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood) resistance in the Zimbabwean elite Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) germplasm: A review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ag.r-116 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Justify Gotami Shava ◽

Susan Richardson-Kageler ◽

Shorai Dari ◽

Frank Magama ◽

Dzingai Rukuni

Keyword(s):

Nicotiana Tabacum ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Meloidogyne Javanica ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽

Breeding Programmes ◽

Major Pest ◽

Farming Industry

Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is currently the most popular field cash crop grown in Zimbabwe. The farming of Virginia tobacco in Zimbabwe started during the late 19th Century with introduced varieties which succumbed to most of the locally occurring pests and diseases. One major pest of tobacco that threatens the success of growing the crop has been the root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood]. The pest attacks the root system of the crop from as early as the seedbed stage to such an extent that yield losses of above 90% can be realised if the nematode is not controlled. In Zimbabwe, the threat posed by the pest in the success of the tobacco farming industry was realised as early as the 1950s and one of the approaches used to contain it was breeding for resistance into the local tobacco germplasm among other methods such as chemical control and cultural practices like crop rotation. This paper is a review of the process that was followed in incorporating root-knot nematode resistance in flue-cured tobacco germplasm in Zimbabwe. It shows the sources/origin of the root-knot nematode (M. javanica) resistance currently present in the Zimbabwean Virginia tobacco (N. tabacum) germplasm and the methods used in transferring the resistance to elite germplasm currently used in modern breeding programmes. The current study also suggests the way forward for the future breeding research for root-knot nematode (M. javanica) resistance in continuity of the past 50 years of breeding effort for resistance to the pest.

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Mineral composition of beetroot treated with potential elicitors and inoculated with Meloidogyne javanica

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture ◽

10.1186/s40538-020-00196-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paula Juliana Grotto Débia ◽

Beatriz Cervejeira Bolanho ◽

Claudia Regina Dias-Arieira

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Mineral Composition ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Meloidogyne Javanica ◽

Nematode Population ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Cu Content ◽

Manganese Zinc ◽

Nematode Population Density ◽

Elicitor Treatments

Abstract Background The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica can infect beetroots, causing extensive damage to this food crop. As chemical and genetic control tactics have shown limited efficacy, new strategies are needed to improve the integrated management of this parasite. This study assessed the influence of potential defence elicitors and M. javanica infection on the mineral composition of beetroot. Plants were treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), citrus biomass, or a mannanoligosaccharide-based product (MOS) and inoculated with 1000 eggs and second-stage juveniles of M. javanica. At 60 days after inoculation, beetroot plants were harvested and evaluated for nematode population density, vegetative growth, and mineral content. Results All potential elicitors reduced nematode population density in beetroots (p ≤ 0.10) and improved the vegetative parameters of inoculated plants (p ≤ 0.05), except shoot fresh weight. Some minerals were found to be negatively affected by treatments, particularly calcium, whose levels were consistently lower in treated plants. On the other hand, M. javanica inoculation increased magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper contents in beetroots. However, the latter mineral (Cu content) of inoculated plants was positively influenced by MOS and ASM. Conclusion Potential elicitor treatments did not improve the mineral composition of beetroot, but were effective in reducing nematode population density. Plants inoculated with M. javanica had higher mineral levels. However, gall formation decreases the commercial value of the crop and might render it unsuitable for commercialisation. M. javanica-infected beetroots may be used for nutrient extraction or sold to food processing industries.

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A novel non-trichome based whitefly resistance QTL in Solanum galapagense

Euphytica ◽

10.1007/s10681-021-02770-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 217 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Joris Santegoets ◽

Marcella Bovio ◽

Wendy van’t Westende ◽

Roeland E. Voorrips ◽

Ben Vosman

Keyword(s):

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Glandular Trichome ◽

Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽

Inbred Lines ◽

Adult Survival ◽

Greenhouse Whitefly ◽

Major Threat ◽

Type Iv

AbstractThe greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum is a major threat in tomato cultivation. In greenhouse grown tomatoes non-trichome based whitefly resistance may be better suited than glandular trichome based resistance as glandular trichomes may interfere with biocontrol, which is widely used. Analysis of a collection of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum galapagense showed resistance to the whitefly T. vaporariorum on plants without glandular trichomes type IV. The resistance affected whitefly adult survival (AS), but not oviposition rate. This indicates that S. galapagense, in addition to trichome based resistance, also carries non-trichome based resistance components. The effectiveness of the non-trichome based resistance appeared to depend on the season in which the plants were grown. The resistance also had a small but significant effect on the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, but not on the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. A segregating F2 population was created to map the non-trichome based resistance. Two Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for reduced AS of T. vaporariorum were mapped on chromosomes 12 and 7 (explaining 13.9% and 6.0% of the variance respectively). The QTL on chromosome 12 was validated in F3 lines.

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Vibrational communication and mating behavior of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85904-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Valeria Fattoruso ◽

Gianfranco Anfora ◽

Valerio Mazzoni

Keyword(s):

Mating Behavior ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽

Vibrational Communication ◽

Greenhouse Whitefly ◽

Behavioral Manipulation ◽

Vibrational Signals ◽

Intraspecific Communication ◽

Behavioral Transition ◽

First Time

AbstractThe greenhouse whitefly (GW), Trialeurodes vaporariorum is considered one of the most harmful insect pests in greenhouses worldwide. The GW mating behavior has been partially investigated and its vibrational communication is only in part known. A deeper knowledge of its intraspecific communication is required to evaluate the applicability of control methods based on techniques of behavioral manipulation. In this study, for the first time, we provided a detailed ethogram of the GW mating behavior and we characterized the vibrational signals emitted during the process of pair formation. We characterized two types of male vibrational emissions (“chirp” and “pulses”), differently arranged according to the behavioral stage to form stage-specific signals, and a previously undescribed Male Rivalry Signal. We recorded and characterized two new female signals: The Female Responding Signal and the Female Rejective Signal. The mating behavior of GW can be divided into six different stages that we named “call”, “alternated duet”, “courtship”, “overlapped duet”, “mating”, “failed mating attempt”. The analysis performed with the Markovian behavioral transition matrix showed that the “courtship” is the key stage in which male exhibits its quality and can lead to the “overlapped duet” stage. The latter is strictly associated to the female acceptance and therefore it plays a crucial role to achieve mating success. Based on our findings, we consider the use of vibrational playbacks interfering with GW mating communication a promising option for pest control in greenhouses. We discuss the possibility to start a research program of behavioral manipulation to control the populations of GW.

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Transcriptome Analysis of Eggplant Root in Response to Root-Knot Nematode Infection

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10040470 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 470

Author(s):

Min Zhang ◽

Hongyuan Zhang ◽

Jie Tan ◽

Shuping Huang ◽

Xia Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Resistance Mechanism ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

Enrichment Analysis ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Solanum Torvum ◽

Plant Nematode

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), which belongs to the Solanaceae family, is an important vegetable crop. However, its production is severely threatened by root-knot nematodes (RKNs) in many countries. Solanum torvum, a wild relative of eggplant, is employed worldwide as rootstock for eggplant cultivation due to its resistance to soil-borne diseases such as RKNs. In this study, to identify the RKN defense mechanisms, the transcriptomic profiles of eggplant and Solanum torvum were compared. A total of 5360 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified for the response to RKN infection. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs are mainly involved in the processes of response to stimulus, protein phosphorylation, hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Many phytohormone-related genes and transcription factors (MYB, WRKY, and NAC) were differentially expressed at the four time points (ck, 7, 14, and 28 days post-infection). The abscisic acid signaling pathway might be involved in plant-nematode interactions. qRT-PCR validated the expression levels of some of the DEGs in eggplant. These findings demonstrate the nematode-induced expression profiles and provide some insights into the nematode resistance mechanism in eggplant.

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