Ethnic Group Land Rights in the Modern State: Three Case Studies

1961 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Euler ◽  
Henry Dobyns
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Ethnic Enclave ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Modern State ◽  
The World ◽  
Scheduled Castes

All over the world, conflicts of interest arise in modern states between government agencies charged with constructing large public works and citizens whose occupancy of the lands involved would be altered. Such conflicts are compounded when the land in dispute is held by a special ethnic enclave enjoying unique legal status — Indians on reservations in the United States, ejidos in Mexico, or comunidades indígenas in Peró, aborgines in Australia, Maori in New Zealand, "scheduled castes" in India, etc.

Alaska's Conflicting Objectives

Daedalus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Rosita Kaaháni Worl ◽  
Heather Kendall-Miller
Keyword(s):  
Alaska Native ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alaska Natives ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Land Claims ◽  
Conflicting Objectives ◽  
Alaska Native Corporations ◽  
Tribal Land

The formal treaty-making period between the U.S. government and Native peoples ended in 1871, only four years after the United States purchased Alaska from Russia. As a result, Alaska Natives did not enter into treaties that recognized their political authority or land rights. Nor, following the end of the treaty-making period, were Alaska Natives granted the same land rights as federally recognized tribes in the lower forty-eight states. Rather, Congress created the Alaska Native Corporations as the management vehicle for conveyed lands in 1971. The unique legal status of these corporations has raised many questions about tribal land ownership and governance for future generations of Alaska Natives. Although Congress created the Native Corporations in its eagerness to settle land claims and assimilate Alaska Natives, Alaska Native cultures and governance structures persisted and evolved, and today many are reasserting the inherent authority of sovereign governments.

scholarly journals Regularization of the undocumented in Canada : lessons from Europe and the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Xiao En Liu Liu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Population ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Policy Solutions

During the past decade, the number of undocumented people has been by far the most rapidly rising immigrant population worldwide. In Canada, the number of individuals living without a legal status is estimated around 200,000 to 600,000. Therefore, this issue has become increasing difficult for governments to ignore. Many countries around the world have implemented regularization programs as policy solutions to the issue of undocumented people residing within their borders. This study examines the different criteria and reasons based on which countries in Europe, the United States, and Canada have implemented or proposed regularization programs. The aim is to propose possible regularization criteria and options that Canada could take into consideration as policy solutions to deal with the undocumented residents currently in the country.

scholarly journals Changing childhoods: Using queer theory and intersectional methods to reconsider the epistemic resources of children with gay and lesbian parents

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Skrlac Lo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Queer Theory ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gay And Lesbian ◽  
Epistemic Injustice ◽  
Lesbian Parents ◽  
Gay Parents ◽  
The World ◽  
Gay And Lesbian Parents

This article explores contemporary childhoods through a lens of epistemic privileges and injustices in order to consider the experiences of children whose family models may not reflect the heterosexual norm. More than 14 million children in the United States have one or more gay parents. As the legal definition of marriage in the United States now recognizes same-sex partnerships, it is likely that this official number will increase. The experiences of children with gay and lesbian parents are often overlooked due to public sentiment toward gay partnerships and parenting, but the changing legal status of gay marriage around the world may indicate a shift in sentiment toward these family structures. For childhood studies researchers, this shift will provide opportunities to conduct studies with children whose voices largely were silenced or omitted from past and current scholarship. Particularly, young children with gay parents are in a unique position to describe the world since they must navigate between their homonormative private worlds and the heteronormative world of public institutions. Drawing on queer theory and incorporating the concept of intersectionality, I posit that applying Fricker’s concept of epistemic injustice to studies of childhood may reveal new ways to identify systemic and cultural biases including heteronormativity and adult–child power asymmetries. Examining issues of epistemic injustice through a queer lens and using intersectional methods may elucidate aspects of childhood culture that are misunderstood or absent from the scholarship.

scholarly journals Why Are Violent Non-State Actors Able to Persist in the Context of the Modern State?

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Dittmar Penski
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homicide Rate ◽  
Central American ◽  
Modern State ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Gangs ◽  
San Pedro Sula

El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras constitute the most violent region on the globe outside a declared warzone: The Northern Triangle. Cities in these countries have dominated the list of most dangerous cities in the world for years. For instance, Honduras’ San Pedro Sula had been at the top of the list for four consecutive years - only overtaken by Caracas, Venezuela in the latest report (Seguridad Justicia y Paz, 2016). El Salvador has, at the time of writing, an average of twenty-four homicides per day (Marroquin, 2016), and Guatemala is the fifth country with the highest homicide rate in Latin America (Gagne, 2016). Most of the violence in these countries is generally attributed to the Maras, urban gangs that formed in marginalized neighborhoods in Los Angeles, California by Central American migrants and refugees, and then strengthened in the Northern Triangle following mass deportations from the United States, including the expatriation of criminals (Cruz, 2010).

scholarly journals The Effects Of Calorie Count Display On Consumer Eating Behavior: Would It Solve The Obesity Problem? An Empirical Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Elias G. Rizkallah ◽  
Kimberly Feiler
Keyword(s):  
Eating Habits ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Healthcare Organizations ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Cost Of Health Care ◽  
Physical Suffering ◽  
The World ◽  
Empirical Perspective

Obesity in the United States and around the world is getting to be of epidemic proportions, with major economic, social, and psychological impacts on society. Its impact is evident in cost of health care, opportunity cost of lower productivity, emotional and physical suffering, and shorter life expectancy. Although obesity is the result of individual behavior, efforts to reduce it are initiated by many concerned parties. The question is, how effective are these efforts? The researchers are interested in knowing individuals’ attitudes about these efforts, specifically, the latest regulation of displaying calorie counts on menus of restaurants and its effects on their behaviors. The survey also covered consumers’ opinions regarding obesity, its causes, and what can be done about it. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to determine the effects of calorie count display on consumers’ eating habits, consumers’ attitude towards obesity as a societal concern, and their views about who is to blame and who should do something about the obesity problem. The study surveyed 226 consumers in the Southern California area. Results are analyzed, discussed, and used as basis for making recommendations to all parties concerned (i.e., individuals and families, government agencies, healthcare organizations, and food companies and restaurants) regarding their role to reduce obesity and its adverse economic, social, and psychological impact on society. 

Legal Pluralism in the West

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-128
Author(s):  
Brian Z. Tamanaha
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
State Law ◽  
The West ◽  
Community Law ◽  
Indigenous Law

This chapter counters the widely held view in the West that the state exercises a monopoly over law. Romani (Gypsy) communities across Europe have lived in accordance with their own law for a thousand years. Indigenous law and tribunals exist in New Zealand, Canada, Australia, and the United States, in various relationships with state law. In a number of Western countries, Jewish law and Muslim law and institutions interact with state law as well as exist apart from state law. All of these examples involve the continuation of community legal orders (customary and religious) that long predate the modern state and have continued in different forms, adjusting to and surviving the extension and penetration of state law. In many of these contexts, state law has tried to suppress, denigrate, or ignore these bodies of community law, denying their legal status, but despite of this treatment they continue to exist and are considered law by adherents.

scholarly journals Regularization of the undocumented in Canada : lessons from Europe and the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Xiao En Liu Liu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Population ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Policy Solutions

During the past decade, the number of undocumented people has been by far the most rapidly rising immigrant population worldwide. In Canada, the number of individuals living without a legal status is estimated around 200,000 to 600,000. Therefore, this issue has become increasing difficult for governments to ignore. Many countries around the world have implemented regularization programs as policy solutions to the issue of undocumented people residing within their borders. This study examines the different criteria and reasons based on which countries in Europe, the United States, and Canada have implemented or proposed regularization programs. The aim is to propose possible regularization criteria and options that Canada could take into consideration as policy solutions to deal with the undocumented residents currently in the country.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Carl Abbott
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Professional Staff ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Real Estate Industry ◽  
Academic Planning ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The World ◽  
Multiple Actors

The Introduction explains exactly what city planning is. It involves multiple actors including elected officials, professional staff in government agencies, citizens, and the real estate industry. The dimensions of the field are seen in the missions of professional organizations in Britain, Canada, the United States, and Australia. The spread of academic planning education from a handful of European and American institutions to universities around the world demonstrates the global reach of the practice and profession of city planning.

scholarly journals Independent government agencies in Iraq / Integrity Commission a model

2019 ◽  
pp. 245-269
Author(s):  
م.د.صدام عبد الستار رشيد
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Equitable Distribution ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Era

The state did not witness the emergence of independent bodies because of the nature of the ruling regimes that were characterized by political tyranny represented by the king at the time, as is the case with Greece and the Greeks and Persia and the Romans and others. As for the Islamic state, which emerged later, it saw the emergence of what looks like independent bodies that we see today, There was the so-called Diwan Al-Hesba and the Ombudsman's Office as an independent body from the Islamic State, which operated independently to support the oppressed and the equitable distribution of financial resources, even though it was headed by well-known governors of justice and honesty. A state in the modern era, many countries, especially in Europe, have seen the emergence of independent bodies in them and have become models to be emulated in many countries of the world as in France, the United States and Britain.

scholarly journals "Regulate the Regulator"

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Li
Keyword(s):  
Credit Rating ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Workplace Culture ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Rating Agencies ◽  
Security Guards ◽  
The World ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis

As the 2008 Financial Crisis caused global markets to contract, and people across the United States and the world suffered the costs, there has been a growing and significant body of literature investigating the relative culpability of different financial actors and institutions in perpetrating the 2008 crisis. “Regulate the Regulator” highlights the culpability of credit rating agencies (CRA) for the reason that their industry acted as a de-facto financial regulator in themselves, wielding a unique amount and type of power as the “gatekeepers” or “security guards” of capital markets. This article explores the role of CRAs in precipitating the events of the 2008 crisis by examining factors like inherent conflicts of interest, an opaque rating process that lacked substantive oversight, and the enforcement of a profit-oriented workplace culture. Taking its analysis a step, "Regulate the Regulator" then contextualizes the behaviour of CRAs within the post-1980s American financialization movement.

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