scholarly journals Why Are Violent Non-State Actors Able to Persist in the Context of the Modern State?

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Dittmar Penski
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homicide Rate ◽  
Central American ◽  
Modern State ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Gangs ◽  
San Pedro Sula

El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras constitute the most violent region on the globe outside a declared warzone: The Northern Triangle. Cities in these countries have dominated the list of most dangerous cities in the world for years. For instance, Honduras’ San Pedro Sula had been at the top of the list for four consecutive years - only overtaken by Caracas, Venezuela in the latest report (Seguridad Justicia y Paz, 2016). El Salvador has, at the time of writing, an average of twenty-four homicides per day (Marroquin, 2016), and Guatemala is the fifth country with the highest homicide rate in Latin America (Gagne, 2016). Most of the violence in these countries is generally attributed to the Maras, urban gangs that formed in marginalized neighborhoods in Los Angeles, California by Central American migrants and refugees, and then strengthened in the Northern Triangle following mass deportations from the United States, including the expatriation of criminals (Cruz, 2010).

Migration to challenge Central American governments

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Central American ◽  
Undocumented Migration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Content Type ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
San Pedro Sula

Significance A caravan some 600-strong left San Pedro Sula on January 15, swelling to over 2,500 by the time it reached the Guatemala-Mexico border. Sporadic clashes took place over several days as Mexican security forces attempted to prevent the caravan’s advance. The situation reflects the growing challenges facing Mexico and other Central American countries as they attempt to manage both humanitarian challenges and the strong US pressure to curb undocumented migration. Impacts Any attempts to withdraw from ACAs would undermine efforts to extend US Temporary Protected Status for El Salvador and Honduras. Increased involvement by Mexican security forces in detaining migrants will raise the risk of violence and fatalities. Efforts to reduce emigration by improving Central American living conditions will have little to no short-term impact on migrant numbers.

The United States and the Rise of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez

1971 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Grieb
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Central America ◽  
American Politics ◽  
State Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Central American ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
The Military

The militarycoup d'étatwhich installed General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez as President of El Salvador during December 1931 created a crisis involving the 1923 Washington Treaties. By the terms of these accords, the Central American nadons had pledged to withhold recognition from governments seizing power through force in any of the isthmian republics. Although not a signatory of the treaty, the United States based its recognition policy on this principle. Through this means the State Department had attempted to impose some stability in Central America, by discouraging revolts. With the co-operation of the isthmian governments, United States diplomats endeavored to bring pressure to bear on the leaders of any uprising, to deny them the fruits of their victory, and thus reduce the constant series ofcoupsandcounter-coupsthat normally characterized Central American politics.

Alternative energy capital of the world? Fix, risk, and solar energy in Los Angeles’ urban periphery

2021 ◽  
pp. 251484862110543
Author(s):  
Sean F Kennedy ◽  
Ryan Stock
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Energy Infrastructure ◽  
The World

California is one of the most climate-challenged regions of North America and is considered the vanguard of climate action in the United States. California's climate policy framework has strongly promoted the expansion of renewable energy infrastructure, and the state generates more solar energy than any other in the nation. Using the case of Lancaster, a city of 170,000 residents in northern Los Angeles County seeking to position itself as the “alternative energy capital of the world,” this article examines private investments in solar energy infrastructure as a response to California's entwined economic and ecological crises. Drawing on recent scholarship on socioecological fix, we argue that private accumulation through renewable energy infrastructures in California has required both the presence of crisis conditions and innovations in financial risk mitigation that manage tensions between mobility and fixity inherent in the formation of fixed capital. However, a narrow focus on short-term financial risk obviates other forms of risk, including future impacts of extreme weather on grid infrastructure and electricity supply. While this does not foreclose opportunities for solar energy infrastructure to support positive social and ecological transformation, we argue that such opportunities may be constrained under a mode of energy transition predicated on private accumulation.

Violence in Times of Peace: A Reading of Jubilee from the Northern Triangle of Central America

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-88
Author(s):  
Miguel Reyes
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
Central America ◽  
Central American ◽  
Critical Situation ◽  
The World

The Northern Triangle of Central America is one of the most violent regions in the world. Although the violence has a long history, the countries of Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador are currently experiencing a critical situation with a new threat: criminal gangs. This article explores regional violence and elaborates a peacebuilding proposal based on a reading of the concept of jubilee. Jubilee is explained via the categories of inclusion, reconciliation and rest. The article concludes that for the countries of the northern Central American triangle, the application of jubilee principles represents true peace in times of peace.

Morrissey as Latina/o Literary and Cultural Icon

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa M. Hidalgo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Fourth Decade ◽  
The World ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
North And South America

Morrissey is a singer and songwriter from Manchester, England. He rose to prominence as a popular-music icon as the lead singer for the Manchester band The Smiths (1982–1987). After the breakup of The Smiths, Morrissey launched his solo career in 1988. In his fourth decade as a popular singer, Morrissey continues to tour the world and sell out shows in venues throughout Europe and the United Kingdom, Asia and Australia, and across North and South America. Although Morrissey enjoys a fiercely loyal global fan base and inspires fans all over the world, his largest and most creatively expressive fans, arguably, are Latinas/os in the United States and Latin America. He is especially popular in Mexico and with Chicanas/os from Los Angeles, California, to San Antonio, Texas. How does a white singer and pop icon from England become an important cultural figure for Latinas/os? This entry provides an overview of Morrissey’s musical and cultural importance to fans in the United States–Mexico borderlands. It introduces Morrissey, examines the rise of Latina/o Morrissey and Smiths fandom starting in the 1980s and 1990s, and offers a survey of the fan-produced literature and other cultural production that pay tribute to the indie-music star. The body of fiction, films, plays, poetry, and fans’ cultural production at the center of this entry collectively represent of Morrissey’s significance as a dynamic and iconic cultural figure for Latinas/os.

Refugee surge creates Belize security fears

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central American ◽  
Drug Trade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gang Activity ◽  
To Receive

Subject Belize migration and security. Significance High levels of gang-related violence, and a tougher approach to migration in the United States, have sparked a surge in refugees seeking to enter Belize from the Northern Triangle countries of Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. However, Belizean authorities are reluctant to receive them, citing concerns about the potential for increased gang activity. Impacts Belize’s location could see it become an important transit point in the international drug trade. There is potential for conflict between Central American and Belizean gangs. Costa Rica’s strong institutions make it relatively well equipped to deal with an influx of refugees.

scholarly journals Truth or Dare: A Framework for Analyzing Credibility in Children Seeking Asylum

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Smeda
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central American ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Legal Counsel ◽  
Credibility Assessment ◽  
Unaccompanied Minors ◽  
Unaccompanied Children ◽  
The World ◽  
Article 5

Cornell International Law Journal: Vol. 50 : No. 2 , Article 5. U.S. border agents detained at least 52,000 unaccompanied minors from only four Central American countries—Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras—in 2014, while 95,000 unaccompanied children sought asylum in Europe in 2015.Given the ongoing turmoil in various parts of the world, these numbers will likely rise. Children are narrowly escaping their native countries. With little help available from legal counsel and little time to gather supporting evidence, more children are relying on the gamble of a positive credibility assessment in an asylum application.The stakes are high—either a new life in the United States, or probable fatality at home if deported.The lives of all children should receive more security than the subjective judgment of the immigration official conducting the child’s credibility assessment. Current strategies used to increase the accuracy of credibility determinations are often misguided by outdated methodology. By implementing more robust, updated guidelines to increase the accuracy of credibility appraisals and ensuring that the recommendations are practiced with regularity, we can enhance the visibility of children facing persecution.

From Bahianas to the King of Pop …

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Cross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second Line ◽  
History Writing ◽  
Brazilian Music ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bossa Nova ◽  
The City

This chapter traces the history of Brazilian music in Los Angeles, covering the journey of the collation of rhythms known as samba into the rest of the Americas, to the emergence of bossa nova as a major cultural force, to the post-bossa Brazilian sound in the United States. It argues that as music moves, it operates according to its own logic. Influences are fluid: a bossa nova rhythm can morph easily into a second line, a two step can slide into a samba, and writing music is, thankfully, a far more interesting way to write history than history writing. But it is undeniable that, since the late 1930s, the language, swing, and palette of Brazilian music have influenced the world and changed music in the city of Los Angeles profoundly, while very few of us noticed.

Central America’s vaccine efforts face mixed prospects

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central American ◽  
World Health ◽  
Business Travel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Roll Out

Significance Elsewhere in the region, only Panama has so far received a first vaccine shipment, suggesting roll-outs initially will be patchy. Central American governments are sourcing their vaccines either through direct purchases from manufacturers or through programmes run by the World Health Organization (WHO). Impacts A black market is likely to emerge both for vaccines and vaccination certificates. Poorer countries will receive more vaccine support once roll-outs have advanced in wealthier countries globally, but this may take time. Vaccine roll-out in the United States will benefit Central America in terms of tourism, business travel and investment recovery.

A People's Theater on Skid Row

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Walda Katz-Fishman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Working Class ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Skid Row ◽  
Political Theatre ◽  
Monthly Review ◽  
The World

In Acting Like It Matters, James McEnteer gives a compassionate account of John Malpede—actor, activist, and co-creator of the political theatre troupe the Los Angeles Poverty Department (LAPD)—and of the Skid Row community that is the organization's heart and soul. The story of Malpede and the LAPD is one of life as art and art as life, and its protagonists are the dehumanized homeless citizens of Los Angeles and their compatriots in cities across the United States and the world, who represent a growing part of today's global working class pushed out of the formal economy.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

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