scholarly journals Gender differences, risk attitude and entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Raziiakhan Abdieva ◽  
Burulcha Sulaimanova ◽  
Kamalbek Karymshakov
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Logit Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Agricultural Employment ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Agricultural Entrepreneurship

This study analyses the role of risk attitude for entrepreneurship by gender differences in Kyrgyzstan. Logit analysis is applied to the cross-sectional data set drawn from the nationally representative survey for 2011. Entrepreneurship is measured by the self-employment activities and analysed by the agricultural and non-agricultural sample. Results of the study show that more risk-taking preferences are associated with higher entrepreneurship probability. However, this effect is not persistent for women in further estimations for non-agricultural entrepreneurship sample, while for men higher positive effect of risk loving behavior remains in off-farm self-employment too. These findings underline the existing difference in risk tolerance by gender in non-agricultural employment. Movement of women from farm to off-farm entrepreneurship may not necessarily require risk loving characteristics. However, further analysis of this difference should take into account potential difference of necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs by gender.

scholarly journals Gender Differences, Risk Attitude and Entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raziya Abdiyeva ◽  
Burulcha Sulaimanova ◽  
Kamalbek Karymshakov
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Agricultural Entrepreneurship ◽  
Positive Effect

This study analyses the role of risk attitude for entrepreneurship by gender differences in Kyrgyzstan. Multinomial probit analysis is applied to the data set drawn from the nationally representative survey “Life in Kyrgyzstan” for 2011. Entrepreneurship is measured through the agricultural and non-agricultural sample. Results of the study show that more risk taking preferences are associated with higher entrepreneurship probability. However, this effect is not persistent for women in further estimations for non-agricultural entrepreneurship sample, while for men higher positive effect of risk loving behavior remains in off-farm self-employment too.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Spousal Caregivers’ Care and Housework: Fact or Fiction?

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A Langner ◽  
Frank F Furstenberg
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Spousal Caregivers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Private Care ◽  
Levels Of Care

Abstract Objective Many studies reveal a gender gap in spousal care during late life. However, this gap could be an artifact of methodological limitations (small and unrepresentative cross-sectional samples). Using a data set that overcomes these limitations, we re-examine the question of gender differences in spousal care and housework adjustment when a serious illness occurs. Method We use biannual waves between 2001 and 2015 of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study and growth curve analyses. We follow couples longitudinally (identified in the household questionnaire) to analyze shifts in spousal care hours and housework plus errand hours that occur as a response to the spousal care need. We test for interactions with levels of care need and with gender. Results We found that men increase their care hours as much as women do, resulting in similar care hours. They also increase their housework and errand hours more than women do. Yet at lower levels of spousal care need, women still do more housework and errands because they spent more time doing housework before the illness. Discussion Even in a context of children’s decreasing availability to care for parents, male spouses assume the required caregiving role in systems relying on a mixture of public and private care.

Unemployment in Ghana: a cross sectional analysis from demand and supply perspectives

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Baah-Boateng
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Sectional Analysis ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the causes of unemployment in Ghana from both labour demand and supply perspectives based on most recent cross sectional data set from one nationally representative household survey and a baseline survey for Millennium Development Support. Design/methodology/approach – A logit regression estimation technique is applied to two different household survey data sets of 2008 and 2013 to capture the effect of labour demand and supply on unemployment. Findings – Using education and age as capability variables to represent supply factors, unemployment is found to increase with education, and declines with age, confirming higher unemployment rate among the youth, than the old. The paper also observes strong influence of demand factors on unemployment based on relatively higher incidence of unemployment fulltime jobseekers relative to part-time jobseekers and seekers of formal or wage-employment and self-employment or SMEs compared with those seeking any job. Other factors such as the individual’s reservation wage, marital status, sex and poverty status as well as their rural-urban location are also found to cause unemployment in Ghana. Practical implications – Unemployment as a result of the inability of individuals to obtain a job of their choice in the midst of strong economic growth in Ghana suggests weak employment content of growth. In contrast, an increasing phenomenon of unemployment with education also reflects a problem of skill mismatch between skills churn out by education and training institutions and skills requirement by firms in the labour market. Originality/value – The originality of the paper and its contribution to existing literature largely emanate from the inclusion of demand factors in a cross sectional analysis of causes of unemployment.

scholarly journals An Explanation of a Gender Earnings Gap in the Veterinary Profession

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160
Author(s):  
David Smith ◽  
Demos Vardiabasis ◽  
Samuel Seaman ◽  
Yury Adamo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Veterinary Profession ◽  
Concomitant Variables ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap

Analysis of a unique data set of U.S. veterinary firms and veterinarians provides evidence of significant differences in earnings between self-employed males and females. After controlling for important concomitant variables, including training and experience, self-employed female veterinarians generally own smaller clinics and have lower earnings than their male counterparts. This study considers which demographic/economic factors may be associated with observed gender differences in earnings. The gender gap for average earnings is about 44 percent; however, when controlling for certain characteristics, the gap narrows to as little as 23 percent, depending on the model specification. Firm size was found to be the strongest contributing factor in explaining the gender gap in earnings, and so, possible explanations for differences in firm size have also been discussed. Whilst the analysis is not conclusive, there is evidence that self-employed females may face customer discrimination, which may constrain the growth and size of female-owned firms. (JEL D21) Keywords: Gender differences, salaries, self-employment, veterinarians

scholarly journals Gender differences and occupational factors for the risk of obesity in the Italian working population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Di Tecco ◽  
Luca Fontana ◽  
Giovanna Adamo ◽  
Marta Petyx ◽  
Sergio Iavicoli
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Occupational Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Background Obesity is a multifactorial condition and a major risk factor associated with several non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, and with a higher risk of premature death and disability. Sex-specific factors have key roles and must be taken into consideration in studying occupational factors associated with the risk of obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in body mass index (BMI) in a large cohort representative of Italian workers and, correlating this index with several demographic and occupational variables, to verify sex- and work-dependent differences in the risk of obesity. Methods We utilized data from INSuLa, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of the Italian worker population conducted in 2013 by the Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority to investigate health and safety at work. Analyses were run on a sample of 8,000 Italian workers, aged from 16 to 64 years. Logistic regression models were employed to assess gender differences in the relation between occupational characteristics and BMI. We adjusted for age, education, variables related to health protection at work, and chronic conditions and diseases. Results There were several significant differences in the BMI between males and females, linked to some occupational factors. For instance, female shift workers were 1.32 times (95% CI 1.11-1.57) more likely to be overweight or obese than normal-weight workers, and this association was maintained when controlling for confounders. The likelihood of overweight or obesity among women who worked 1-2 night shifts per week was significantly higher – 1.5-1.6 times – than those on day shifts. Conclusions Gender-specific differences in occupational factors associated with the risk of obesity are useful with a view to characterizing this risk and helping identify workplace-targeted intervention strategies.

236 The association between recent cannabis use and nightly sleep duration in adults in the USA from 2005-2018

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A94-A94
Author(s):  
Calvin Diep ◽  
Chenchen Tian ◽  
Christine Won ◽  
Karim Ladha ◽  
Mandeep Singh
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dependent Relationship ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Abstract Introduction Shifts in medicolegal attitudes towards cannabis, coupled with widespread legalization, have led to North America having the highest prevalence of cannabis use worldwide. Amongst other known physiologic effects, regular cannabis use can cause changes to sleep duration and quality. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between recent cannabis use and sleep duration using a nationally representative data set. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of adults was undertaken using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2005–2018. Respondents were dichotomized by whether or not they had used cannabis in the past 30 days. The primary outcome was inadequate nightly sleep duration, defined as self-reported sleep duration less than 6 hours per night. Secondary outcomes were related to self-reported issues with sleep. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders and survey sample weights were considered in the model. Results Compared to those with no recent cannabis use (n=18,631), recent users (n=3,135) were more likely to report less than 6 hours of sleep per night (aOR 1.33 95% 1.13–1.57, p<0.001). Recent users were also more likely to report difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much in the past two weeks (aOR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09–1.35, p<0.001), and having ever mentioned these issues to a physician (aOR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.07–1.37, p=0.003). Respondents using cannabis at least 20 of the past 30 days were characterized as heavy users, and were even more likely than moderate users to report insufficient sleep. These results did not significantly differ between years of survey administration. Conclusion Recent cannabis use was associated with inadequate nightly sleep duration in adults and demonstrates a dose-dependent relationship. Although this relationship is complex and our findings cannot suggest directionality, they highlight the need to further characterize the sleep health of regular cannabis users in the general population. This is especially prudent as cannabinoids are becoming widely accepted for recreational use and increasingly prescribed as medical therapy. Support (if any):

scholarly journals Gender differences and occupational factors for the risk of obesity in the Italian working population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Di Tecco ◽  
Luca Fontana ◽  
Giovanna Adamo ◽  
Marta Petyx ◽  
Sergio Iavicoli
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Occupational Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Background Obesity is a multifactorial condition and a major risk factor associated with several non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, and with a higher risk of premature death and disability. Sex-specific factors have key roles and must be taken into consideration in studying occupational factors associated with the risk of obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in body mass index (BMI) in a large cohort representative of Italian workers and, correlating this index with several demographic and occupational variables, to verify sex- and work-dependent differences in the risk of obesity. Methods We utilized data from INSuLa, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of the Italian worker population conducted in 2013 by the Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority to investigate health and safety at work. Analyses were run on a sample of 8,000 Italian workers, aged from 16 to 64 years. Logistic regression models were employed to assess gender differences in the relation between occupational characteristics and BMI. We adjusted for age, education, variables related to health protection at work, and chronic conditions and diseases.Results There were several significant differences in the BMI between males and females, linked to some occupational factors. For instance, female shift workers were 1.32 times (95% CI 1.11-1.57) more likely to be overweight or obese than normal-weight workers, and this association was maintained when controlling for confounders. The likelihood of overweight or obesity among women who worked 1-2 night shifts per week was significantly higher – 1.5-1.6 times – than those on day shifts.Conclusions Gender-specific differences in occupational factors associated with the risk of obesity are useful with a view to characterizing this risk and helping identify workplace-targeted intervention strategies.

Volume-outcome relationship in neurotrauma care

2013 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Carter Clement ◽  
Brendan G. Carr ◽  
Michael J. Kallan ◽  
Catherine Wolff ◽  
Patrick M. Reilly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Patient Volume ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Discharge Status ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Volume Outcome ◽  
Nationally Representative

Object A positive correlation between outcomes and the volume of patients seen by a provider has been supported by numerous studies. Volume-outcome relationships (VORs) have been well documented in the setting of both neurosurgery and trauma care and have shaped regionalization policies to optimize patient outcomes. Several authors have also investigated the correlation between patient volume and cost of care, known as the volume-cost relationship (VCR), with mixed results. The purpose of the present study was to investigate VORs and VCRs in the treatment of common intracranial injuries by testing the hypotheses that outcomes suffer at small-volume centers and costs rise at large-volume centers. Methods The authors performed a cross-sectional cohort study of patients with neurological trauma using the 2006 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest nationally representative all-payer data set. Patients were identified using ICD-9 codes for subdural, subarachnoid, and extradural hemorrhage following injury. Transfers were excluded from the study. In the primary analysis the association between a facility's neurotrauma patient volume and patient survival was tested. Secondary analyses focused on the relationships between patient volume and discharge status as well as between patient volume and cost. Analyses were performed using logistic regression. Results In-hospital mortality in the overall cohort was 9.9%. In-hospital mortality was 14.9% in the group with the smallest volume of patients, that is, fewer than 6 cases annually. At facilities treating 6–11, 12–23, 24–59, and 60+ patients annually, mortality was 8.0%, 8.3%, 9.5%, and 10.0%, respectively. For these groups there was a significantly reduced risk of in-hospital mortality as compared with the group with fewer than 6 annual patients; the adjusted ORs (and corresponding 95% CIs) were 0.45 (0.29–0.68), 0.56 (0.38–0.81), 0.63 (0.44–0.90), and 0.59 (0.41–0.87), respectively. For these same groups (once again using < 6 cases/year as the reference), there were no statistically significant differences in either estimated actual cost or duration of hospital stay. Conclusions A VOR exists in the treatment of neurotrauma, and a meaningful threshold for significantly improved mortality is 6 cases per year. Emergency and interfacility transport policies based on this threshold might improve national outcomes. Cost of care does not differ significantly with patient volume.

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