scholarly journals Gender Differences in Spousal Caregivers’ Care and Housework: Fact or Fiction?

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A Langner ◽  
Frank F Furstenberg
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Spousal Caregivers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Private Care ◽  
Levels Of Care

Abstract Objective Many studies reveal a gender gap in spousal care during late life. However, this gap could be an artifact of methodological limitations (small and unrepresentative cross-sectional samples). Using a data set that overcomes these limitations, we re-examine the question of gender differences in spousal care and housework adjustment when a serious illness occurs. Method We use biannual waves between 2001 and 2015 of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study and growth curve analyses. We follow couples longitudinally (identified in the household questionnaire) to analyze shifts in spousal care hours and housework plus errand hours that occur as a response to the spousal care need. We test for interactions with levels of care need and with gender. Results We found that men increase their care hours as much as women do, resulting in similar care hours. They also increase their housework and errand hours more than women do. Yet at lower levels of spousal care need, women still do more housework and errands because they spent more time doing housework before the illness. Discussion Even in a context of children’s decreasing availability to care for parents, male spouses assume the required caregiving role in systems relying on a mixture of public and private care.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Academic Efficacy across STEM Fields

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142110286
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ashlock ◽  
Miodrag Stojnic ◽  
Zeynep Tufekci
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Middle Schoolers ◽  
Self Assessments ◽  
Math Grades ◽  
And Mathematics

Cultural processes can reduce self-selection into math and science fields, but it remains unclear how confidence in computer science develops, where women are currently the least represented in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). Few studies evaluate both computer skills and self-assessments of skill. In this paper, we evaluate gender differences in efficacy across three STEM fields using a data set of middle schoolers, a particularly consequential period for academic pathways. Even though girls and boys do not significantly differ in terms of math grades and have similar levels of computer skill, the gender gap in computer efficacy is twice as large as the gap for math. We offer support for disaggregation of STEM fields, so the unique meaning making around computing can be addressed.

scholarly journals Gender differences in the determinants of willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine among the working-age population in Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Ishimaru ◽  
Makoto Okawara ◽  
Hajime Ando ◽  
Ayako Hino ◽  
Tomohisa Nagata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population

Many factors are related to vaccination intentions. However, gender differences in the determinants of intention to get the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine have not been fully investigated. This study examined gender differences in the determinants of willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine among the working-age population in Japan. We conducted a cross-sectional study of Japanese citizens aged 20-65 years using an online self-administered questionnaire in December 2020. Logistic regression analysis was performed. Among 27,036 participants (13,814 men and 13,222 women), the percentage who were willing to get the COVID-19 vaccine was lower among women than among men (33.0% vs. 41.8%). Age and education level showed a gender gap regarding the association with willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine: men who were older or had a higher level of education were more willing to get the vaccine, whereas women aged 30-49 years and those with a higher level of education showed a relatively low willingness to get the vaccine. For both men and women, marriage, higher annual household income, underlying disease, current smoking, vaccination for influenza during the current season, and fear of COVID-19 transmission were linked to a higher likelihood of being willing to get the COVID-19 vaccine. These findings give important insight into identifying target groups in need of intervention regarding COVID-19 vaccination, especially among women. Providing education about COVID-19 and influenza vaccination in the workplace may be an effective strategy to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake.

scholarly journals Psychosocial Adjustment and Sociometric Status in Primary Education: Gender Differences

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Muñoz-Silva ◽  
Cecilia De la Corte de la Corte ◽  
Bárbara Lorence-Lara ◽  
Manuel Sanchez-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sociometric Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private

The acceptance or rejection of classmates is one of the most widely recognized determinants of wellbeing in childhood. This study analyses psychosocial adjustment and sociometric status in primary education pupils, and possible differences by gender. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in Huelva (Spain). The surveyed schools were selected using a stratified random sampling technique with both public and private elementary schools. Sample was composed of 247 4th grade students. Data revealed gender differences in psychosocial adjustment, particularly in terms of prosocial behavior in girls and behavioral problems in boys. Popular and rejected statuses presented opposing adjustment profiles, particularly in hyperactive symptoms and behavioral problems. When the sample was separated by gender, the differences between the types of status in emotional symptomatology and prosocial behavior disappeared. In addition, the differences between statuses were greater in boys, and were defined mainly by hyperactivity, whilst for girls these differences were more apparent in behavioral problems.

A Scoping Review of Literature on Sex and Gender Differences Among Dementia Spousal Caregivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. e802-e815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifah Arbel ◽  
Kathleen S Bingham ◽  
Deirdre R Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Spousal Caregivers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sex And Gender Differences

Abstract Background and Objectives Sex and gender differences among dementia spousal caregivers have been investigated, but never systematically reviewed or synthesized. A synthesis of findings can help facilitate specificity in practice and in health policy development. As a first step towards such a synthesis, this scoping review reports the available evidence, identifies research gaps, and suggests possible directions for future research. Research Design and Methods A scoping review methodology was used to identify articles, and to chart and analyze data. Systematic searches for published, empirical studies, with an explicit goal or hypothesis related to sex or gender differences were conducted in seven databases. Results Sixty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Most (n = 45) were quantitative, cross-sectional studies. Caregivers included in the studies were generally 61–70 years old, Caucasian, middle-class, and highly educated. The most extensively investigated differences are: depression, burden, objective physical health, and informal supports. Discussion and Implications This scoping review is the first to summarize and critique the research on sex and gender differences that are specific to dementia spousal caregivers. The review can be used by researchers to make decisions regarding future systematic reviews and primary studies. To further strengthen the evidence base, future studies may benefit from including more caregivers of ethnic minorities, using more qualitative, longitudinal, or experimental designs, and focusing on variables needed to inform caregiving models and theories. Overall, this scoping review contributes to furthering gender-sensitive practices and policies that are better tailored to the specific needs of this population.

scholarly journals An Explanation of a Gender Earnings Gap in the Veterinary Profession

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160
Author(s):  
David Smith ◽  
Demos Vardiabasis ◽  
Samuel Seaman ◽  
Yury Adamo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Veterinary Profession ◽  
Concomitant Variables ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap

Analysis of a unique data set of U.S. veterinary firms and veterinarians provides evidence of significant differences in earnings between self-employed males and females. After controlling for important concomitant variables, including training and experience, self-employed female veterinarians generally own smaller clinics and have lower earnings than their male counterparts. This study considers which demographic/economic factors may be associated with observed gender differences in earnings. The gender gap for average earnings is about 44 percent; however, when controlling for certain characteristics, the gap narrows to as little as 23 percent, depending on the model specification. Firm size was found to be the strongest contributing factor in explaining the gender gap in earnings, and so, possible explanations for differences in firm size have also been discussed. Whilst the analysis is not conclusive, there is evidence that self-employed females may face customer discrimination, which may constrain the growth and size of female-owned firms. (JEL D21) Keywords: Gender differences, salaries, self-employment, veterinarians

scholarly journals Comparison of Pre-Operative Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Followed by Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Intraoperative Cholangiography in Acute Biliary Pancreatitis

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-Ghouthani Jamal ◽  
Alyounes Abdulmonem
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
Using Data

Despite rapid economic growth during the last half of the twentieth century, gender inequality has remained high in Korea. Using data from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), previous research found that gender differences in sociostructural and psychosocial factors contributed to a substantial female excess in poor self-rated health. To the extent that women’s overall social status relative to men has improved over time in Korea, it is possible that the gender gap in perceived health has decreased. This study used repeated cross-sectional KNHANES data from 2001-2012 to examine temporal trends in gender differences in self-rated health. In age-adjusted models, we found no significant trend in the female excess of poor self-rated health among respondents aged 25-44 (p=0.685). In contrast, we found a statistically significant downward trend among those aged 45-64 (p<0.001). In fully adjusted models controlling for age and behavioral, sociostructural, and psychosocial covariates, we found a marginally significant upward trend (p=0.08) among younger respondents, while the downward trend among older respondents remained significant (p<0.001). More work is needed to determine why gendered health disparities decreased among older adults in Korea but not among those aged 25-44.

Attachment style, social support and finding meaning among spouses of colorectal cancer patients: Gender differences

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilanit Hasson-Ohayon ◽  
Gil Goldzweig ◽  
Tal Sela-Oren ◽  
Noam Pizem ◽  
Gil Bar-Sela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Spousal Caregivers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Finding Meaning ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Patients

AbstractObjectives:The current study explores the relationship between attachment styles, social support, gender and finding meaning in caregiving among spousal caregivers of colorectal cancer patients.Methods:Sixty caregivers (30 men and 30 women) were administered questionnaires assessing attachment styles, social support and finding meaning in caregiving, using a cross-sectional design.Results:For male caregivers avoidance attachment is associated with their finding meaning, whereas for female caregivers social support is associated with their finding meaning.Significance of results:Psychological interventions for caregivers should take into consideration gender differences and might benefit from addressing the process of finding meaning in caregiving.

scholarly journals Analyzing Gender Differences in Factors Affecting Depression among Multicultural Adolescents in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3683
Author(s):  
Eun Jee Lee ◽  
Sookyung Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Using Data

Suicide is the topmost cause of death among adolescents in South Korea and is deeply related to depression. This study aimed to identify gender differences in the factors affecting depression among multicultural adolescents. This study is a secondary analysis using data from a national survey, the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS) conducted in 2017. The participants were 1160 multicultural adolescents ranging from 15 to 18 years, living in Korea, and whose fathers were Koreans and mothers were foreigners. The results showed that depression scores were higher for females (18.35) than males (16.38, t = 6.42, p < 0.001). In total, seven factors affected depression among male multicultural adolescents’ and the model explained 50.5% of the total variance (F = 77.99, p < 0.001), while four factors affected female multicultural adolescents’ depression, and the model explained 51.4% of the total variance (F = 100.02, p < 0.001). Significant gender differences were found in factors that influence depression among multicultural adolescents. Therefore, depression prevention programs for multicultural adolescents need to vary according to gender. Additionally, these programs should target families and teachers of multicultural adolescents as well.

scholarly journals Decomposing Gender Differences in Bankcard Credit Limits

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (072) ◽  
pp. 1-63
Author(s):  
Nathan Blascak ◽  
◽  
Anna Tranfaglia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Credit Score ◽  
Quantile Decomposition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

In this paper, we examine if there are gender differences in total bankcard limits by utilizing a data set that links mortgage applicant information with individual-level credit bureau data from 2006 to 2016. We document that after controlling for credit score, income, and demographic characteristics, male borrowers on average have higher total bankcard limits than female borrowers. Using a standard Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, we find that 87 percent of the gap is explained by differences in the effect of observed characteristics between male and female borrowers, while approximately 10 percent of the difference can be explained by differences in the levels of observed characteristics. Using a quantile decomposition strategy to analyze the gender gap along the entire bankcard credit limit distribution, we show that gender differences in bankcard limits favor female borrowers at smaller limits and favor male borrowers at larger limits. The primary factors that drive this gap have changed over time and vary across the distribution of credit limits.

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