From National to Transnational Seismic Monitoring Products and Services in the Republic of Bulgaria, Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Mărmureanu ◽  
Constantin Ionescu ◽  
Bogdan Grecu ◽  
Dragos Toma-Danila ◽  
Alexandru Tiganescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Seismic Monitoring ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Waveform Data ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Crustal Earthquakes ◽  
Seismic Waveform ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Seismic Networks ◽  
Research Facilities

Abstract The aim of this article is to analyze the background, current status, and outlook of seismic monitoring products and services in Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. These countries manage seismic networks that contribute to the European Integrated Data Archive node in the framework of the Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology, which represents a collaborative effort in coordinating observational seismology across the European region through the collection, archiving, and dissemination of seismic waveform data, metadata, and related products. All of the aforementioned countries share a common threat: strong earthquakes occurring in the Vrancea area located in central-eastern Romania at intermediate depths (usually in the 60–180 km interval). Events such as the ones on 10 November 1940 and 4 March 1977 generated high damage in Romania, northern Bulgaria, and Moldova. In addition to Vrancea, crustal earthquakes in areas such as Shabla or Dulovo can lead to cross-border damage. Therefore, understanding the way national seismic networks are distributed, how they cooperate, and the products and services that they provide in (near) real time and their terms is of significant interest in the context of necessary hazard harmonization and joint emergency intervention and risk mitigation actions.

The EIDA federator – a one-stop access to EIDA seismic data holdings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Kaestli ◽  
Daniel Armbruster ◽  
The EIDA Technical Committee
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Distributed Data ◽  
Data Archive ◽  
Waveform Data ◽  
Seismic Waveform ◽  
One Stop ◽  
Single Data ◽  
Seismic Networks

<p>With the setup of EIDA (the European Integrated Data Archive https://www.orfeus-eu.org/data/eida/) in the framework of ORFEUS, and the implementation of FDSN-standardized web services, seismic waveform data and instrumentation metadata of most seismic networks and data centers in Europe became accessible in a homogeneous way. EIDA has augmented this with the WFcatalog service for waveform quality metadata, and a routing service to find out which data center offers data of which network, region, and type. However, while a distributed data archive has clear advantages for maintenance and quality control of the holdings, it complicates the life of researchers who wish to collect data archived across different data centers. To tackle this, EIDA has implemented the “federator” as a one-stop transparent gateway service to access the entire data holdings of EIDA.</p><p>To its users the federator acts just like a standard FDSN dataselect, station, or EIDA WFcatalog service, except for the fact that it can (due to a fully qualified internal routing cache) directly answer data requests on virtual networks.</p><p>Technically, the federator fulfills a user request by decomposing it into single stream epoch requests targeted at a single data center, collecting them, and re-assemble them to a single result.</p><p>This implementation has several technical advantages:</p><ul><li>It avoids response size limitations of EIDA member services, reducing limitations to those imposed by assembling cache space of the federator instance itself.</li> <li>It allows easy merging of partial responses using request sorting and concatenation, and reducing needs to interpret them. This reduces computational needs of the federator and allows high throughput of parallel user requests.</li> <li>It reduces the variability of requests to end member services. Thus, the federator can implement a reverse loopback cache and protect end node services from delivering redundant information and reducing their load.</li> <li>As partial results are quick, and delivered in small subunits, they can be streamed to the user more or less continuously, avoiding both service timeouts and throughput bottlenecks.</li> </ul><p>The advantage of having a one-stop data access for entire EIDA still comes with some limitations and shortcomings. Having requests which ultimately map to a single data center performed by the federator can be slower by that data center directly. FDSN-defined standard error codes sent by end member services have limited utility as they refer to a part of the request only. Finally, the federator currently does not provide access to restricted data.</p><p>Nevertheless, we believe that the one-stop data access compensates these shortcomings in many use cases.</p><p>Further documentation of the service is available with ORFEUS at http://www.orfeus-eu.org/data/eida/nodes/FEDERATOR/</p>

Regional Seismic Networks Operating along the West Coast of the United States of America

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (2A) ◽  
pp. 695-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Hellweg ◽  
Paul Bodin ◽  
Jayne M. Bormann ◽  
Hamid Haddadi ◽  
Egill Hauksson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Warning System ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Waveform Data ◽  
Earthquake Early Warning System ◽  
Seismic Waveform ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Seismic Networks

Abstract The Pacific coast of the contiguous United States hosts the highest seismic risk in the country due to the intersection of high-seismic hazard and the high densities of population and infrastructure. The regional seismic networks in Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and California have operated for many years and have collected long catalogs and large amounts of seismic waveform data in a variety of formats, including digital records. These data are available for engineering purposes and research into earthquakes, other natural and man-made seismic sources, and the Earth’s structure. The West Coast networks are closely coordinating as they embark on the implementation of West Coast ShakeAlert, an earthquake early warning system.

gCAPjoint, A Software Package for Full Moment Tensor Inversion of Moderately Strong Earthquakes with Local and Teleseismic Waveforms

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 3550-3562
Author(s):  
Qipeng Bai ◽  
Sidao Ni ◽  
Risheng Chu ◽  
Zhe Jia
Keyword(s):  
Software Package ◽  
Epicentral Distance ◽  
Joint Inversion ◽  
Moment Tensor ◽  
Centroid Moment Tensor ◽  
Waveform Data ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Moment Tensors ◽  
Seismic Networks ◽  
Full Moment Tensor

Abstract Earthquake moment tensors and focal depths are crucial to assessing seismic hazards and studying active tectonic and volcanic processes. Although less powerful than strong earthquakes (M 7+), moderately strong earthquakes (M 5–6.5) occur more frequently and extensively, which can cause severe damages in populated areas. The inversion of moment tensors is usually affected by insufficient local waveform data (epicentral distance <5°) in sparse seismic networks. It would be necessary to combine local and teleseismic data (epicentral distance 30°–90°) for a joint inversion. In this study, we present the generalized cut-and-paste joint (gCAPjoint) algorithm to jointly invert full moment tensor and centroid depth with local and teleseismic broadband waveforms. To demonstrate the effectiveness and explore the limitations of this algorithm, we perform case studies on three earthquakes with different tectonic settings and source properties. Comparison of our results with global centroid moment tensor and other catalog solutions illustrates that both non-double-couple compositions of the focal mechanisms and centroid depths can be reliably recovered for very shallow (<10  km) earthquakes and intermediate-depth events with this software package.

scholarly journals Tsunami risk management for crustal earthquakes and non-seismic sources in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Selva ◽  
A. Amato ◽  
A. Armigliato ◽  
R. Basili ◽  
F. Bernardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Warning System ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Tsunami Warning ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Seismic Sources ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Tsunami Warning System ◽  
Crustal Earthquakes ◽  
The Mediterranean

AbstractDestructive tsunamis are most often generated by large earthquakes occurring at subduction interfaces, but also other “atypical” sources—defined as crustal earthquakes and non-seismic sources altogether—may cause significant tsunami threats. Tsunamis may indeed be generated by different sources, such as earthquakes, submarine or coastal landslides, volcano-related phenomena, and atmospheric perturbations. The consideration of atypical sources is important worldwide, but it is especially prominent in complex tectonic settings such as the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, or the Indonesian archipelago. The recent disasters in Indonesia in 2018, caused by the Palu-Sulawesi magnitude Mw 7.5 crustal earthquake and by the collapse of the Anak-Krakatau volcano, recall the importance of such sources. Dealing with atypical sources represents a scientific, technical, and computational challenge, which depends on the capability of quantifying and managing uncertainty efficiently and of reducing it with accurate physical modelling. Here, we first introduce the general framework in which tsunami threats are treated, and then we review the current status and the expected future development of tsunami hazard quantifications and of the tsunami warning systems in Italy, with a specific focus on the treatment of atypical sources. In Italy, where the memory of historical atypical events like the 1908 Messina earthquake or the relatively recent 2002 Stromboli tsunami is still vivid, specific attention has been indeed dedicated to the progressive development of innovative strategies to deal with such atypical sources. More specifically, we review the (national) hazard analyses and their application for coastal planning, as well as the two operating tsunami warning systems: the national warning system for seismically generated tsunamis (SiAM), whose upstream component—the CAT-INGV—is also a Tsunami Service Provider of the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas Tsunami Warning System (NEAMTWS) coordinated by the Intergovernmental Coordination Group established by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, and the local warning system for tsunamis generated by volcanic slides along the Sciara del Fuoco of Stromboli volcano. Finally, we review the state of knowledge about other potential tsunami sources that may generate significant tsunamis for the Italian coasts, but that are not presently considered in existing tsunami warning systems. This may be considered the first step towards their inclusion in the national tsunami hazard and warning programs.

scholarly journals Batch seismic inversion using the iterative ensemble Kalman smoother

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gineste ◽  
Jo Eidsvik
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Seismic Inversion ◽  
Efficient Estimation ◽  
Solution Strategy ◽  
Adaptive Procedure ◽  
Waveform Data ◽  
Kalman Smoother ◽  
Seismic Waveform ◽  
Single Batch

AbstractAn ensemble-based method for seismic inversion to estimate elastic attributes is considered, namely the iterative ensemble Kalman smoother. The main focus of this work is the challenge associated with ensemble-based inversion of seismic waveform data. The amount of seismic data is large and, depending on ensemble size, it cannot be processed in a single batch. Instead a solution strategy of partitioning the data recordings in time windows and processing these sequentially is suggested. This work demonstrates how this partitioning can be done adaptively, with a focus on reliable and efficient estimation. The adaptivity relies on an analysis of the update direction used in the iterative procedure, and an interpretation of contributions from prior and likelihood to this update. The idea is that these must balance; if the prior dominates, the estimation process is inefficient while the estimation is likely to overfit and diverge if data dominates. Two approaches to meet this balance are formulated and evaluated. One is based on an interpretation of eigenvalue distributions and how this enters and affects weighting of prior and likelihood contributions. The other is based on balancing the norm magnitude of prior and likelihood vector components in the update. Only the latter is found to sufficiently regularize the data window. Although no guarantees for avoiding ensemble divergence are provided in the paper, the results of the adaptive procedure indicate that robust estimation performance can be achieved for ensemble-based inversion of seismic waveform data.

scholarly journals Exercising the right to a trial in a reasonable time in the Republic of Serbia

2007 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 311-333
Author(s):  
Maja Omeragić-Pantić ◽  
Biljana Vujičić ◽  
Bojan Tubić ◽  
Rodoljub Etinski
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Current Status ◽  
National Strategy ◽  
Reasonable Time ◽  
Legal Remedies ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Judicial Procedure ◽  
The Right

Constitution and procedural laws explicitly guarantee right to a trial in a reasonable time. The procedural laws have been changed and some new solutions, which have to enable a trial in a reasonable time, were adopted. The Decision on establishing of national strategy of judicature reform was adopted, in order to make the judicature more efficient. However, the inquiries show that there are still some significant disadvantages which affect the right to a trial in a reasonable time. Despite the new legislative solutions, adopted in order to accelerate the trials, some of these solutions are not completely sufficient or their implementation in practice is not entirely adequate. The Decision on establishing of national strategy of judicature reform sets up the right analysis of the current status, as well as "therapy for the healing" of judicature. However, it seems that current measures are not in accordance with this therapy. Technical modernization of the courts is very slow and personal capacities, on the level of the associates, is declining instead of getting stronger. The biggest disadvantage of the present legal system, regarding the right to a trial in a reasonable time is the absence of the efficient legal remedies with which the party could accelerate the judicial procedure, respectively with which it could give damages caused by the breach of this right. This paper shows how strict are the criteria of the European court of human rights in Strasbourg related to it and that the existing legal remedies in our legal system are not sufficient to meet these demands. The confirmation of this conclusion came from Strasbourg, when this paper was already written, in the judgment V.A.M. v. Serbia of March 13, 2007.

scholarly journals The current status of the problem with systemic lupus erythematosus in Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
B. G. Isayeva ◽  
M. M. Saparbayeva ◽  
S. M. Isayeva ◽  
M. M. Kulshymanova ◽  
Sh. M. Kaiyrgali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Inpatient Settings ◽  
The Republic

Objective: to analyze the provision of medical, including rheumatology, care in Kazakhstan, to study the incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to develop a registry of patients with this condition.Material and methods. The investigators analyzed the guidelines for the organization of medical, including rheumatology, care in the republic and the official statistical materials of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the period 2012 to 2017. Articles were searched to select activity indices, organ damages and to assess the quality of life and treatment programs in order to create a registry of patients with SLE.Results and discussion. The paper presents the basic principles of providing medical, including rheumatology, care in the republic. It gives data on the issues of providing SLE patients with medicines in outpatient and inpatient settings. It also analyzes trends in the incidence of SLE in the population of Kazakhstan in 2012 to 2017. There were 4,448 SLE patients, including 3,986 women; a comparative analysis of indicators demonstrated a 62.8% increase in the incidence of SLE from 2012 to 2017. The purpose and objectives of the registry of patients with SLE were substantiated.Conclusion. An analysis of morbidity rates suggests that SLE remains to be significant in the republic. The incidence of SLE has been noted to increase in the period from 2012 to 2017; there is a female preponderance (89.6%). The application of the SLE registry in clinical practice will be able to improve the diagnosis of the disease in the early stage and to prevent possible complications. 

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