Minerals and Pro-Poor Growth

The present paper looks at the history of development and empowerment and discusses the impediments to development and empowerment in India. It focuses on the three major issues in India today, namely, the attitude towards, Girl child, Gender violence and Globalization, which have to be dealt with as a priority in bringing out the development and empowerment of women in the present era. If we look back into the history about the discussions and debates related to the issue of development and empowerment, we can see some broad trends. The whole debate on development states that there were number of women who organized and mobilizing around the globe for their rights. The development planners and policy makers did not have any interaction with these groups and they considered feminism as irrelevant to development and it was viewed as a luxury for the better of women in the industrialized countries. Hence, the first stage, main stream development models gave rise to jargons like, “basic human needs”, “meeting the needs of the poorest of poor”, “growth with equity”. This phase viewed development as an administrative problem whose solution lay in transferring vast amount of resources and technological innovations from rich to poor countries. As compensation to this followed, integrating women into the development process. Education and employment as a means of income generation became indicators of women’s involvement in the development process, but again under this phase a large chunk of rural women were left behind. Today women have addressed the question of development from a feminist perspective. They have raised important questions on issues of child care, reproductive rights, violence against women, family planning, transfer of technology and rural development and given the concept of development a new meaning. If development leads only to an increase in production, then it tends to reinforce and exaggerate the imbalances and inequalities within and in between societies. Development has to be an integral process with economic, social and cultural aspects leading to the control of one’s life situation.

Download Full-text

Gas-filled urachal abscess with a pinging sound in a heifer calf

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/61/2019-vetmed ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 64 (No. 8) ◽

pp. 362-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R Sato ◽

K Yamada ◽

Y Shinozuka ◽

H Ochiai ◽

K Onda

Keyword(s):

Fistulous Tract ◽

Failure To Thrive ◽

Abdominal Distension ◽

Intravenous Urography ◽

University Hospital ◽

Growth Depression ◽

Poor Growth ◽

History Of ◽

Heifer Calf ◽

Urachal Abscess

A 6-month-old crossbred of a Holstein and Japanese Black heifer calf weighing 95 kg presented with a history of intermittent abdominal distension and failure to thrive. The physical examination identified a pinging sound over the dorsal left flank. The abdominal radiography showed a huge gas-filled mass. The intravenous urography revealed no communication between the mass and the urinary bladder. Although the visual examination and palpation of the umbilicus did not reveal visible abnormalities, an umbilical disease was suspected because the animal exhibited poor growth, depression, and a hunched back posture. When the eschar adhering to the centre of the umbilicus was removed, the presence of a fistulous tract was revealed. The umbilical ultrasound examination revealed an intra-abdominal abscess and the fistulography demonstrated that the abscess communicated with the umbilicus. The abscess, compressing into the rumen, was observed by computed tomography. From these images, it was diagnosed as an umbilical cord remnant abscess and a definitive diagnosis of a urachal abscess was obtained by open abdominal surgery and the subsequent removal of the mass. The calf was discharged from the university hospital on day 14 after the operation. This case shows that a urachal abscess should be considered when a pinging sound is present, even if the animal exhibits no swelling or pain of the umbilicus.

Download Full-text

Image of the Month: Decision-Making in Surgery for Late Onset Hirschsprung Disease

European Journal of Pediatric Surgery Reports ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1721049 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 08 (01) ◽

pp. e99-e101

Author(s):

Anisha Apte ◽

Elise McKenna ◽

Marc A. Levitt

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Chronic Constipation ◽

Anorectal Manometry ◽

Late Onset ◽

Hirschsprung Disease ◽

Rectal Biopsy ◽

Poor Growth

AbstractWe present a case of a 14-year-old boy with chronic distension, poor growth, and chronic constipation. He undergoes anorectal manometry and rectal biopsy, confirming the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease (HD). The case is presented with a key image and associated questions to prompt discussion on strategies for management and treatment of HD in late-diagnosed children.

Download Full-text

Maternal Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Relation to Child Malnutrition in Gauteng, South Africa: A Retrospective Analysis

Children ◽

10.3390/children8020133 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 133

Author(s):

Perpetua Modjadji ◽

Mpinane Pitso

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Child Growth ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

World Health ◽

Poor Growth ◽

Growth Standards ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

Current Tobacco

Tobacco and alcohol use among mothers is associated with numerous adverse consequences for affected offspring, including poor growth and development. This study determined the association between maternal tobacco and alcohol use, and malnutrition, among infants aged ≤ 12 months (n = 300), in selected health facilities situated in Gauteng, South Africa. Data on alcohol and tobacco use were collected using a validated questionnaire, in addition to mothers’ socio-demographic characteristics and obstetric history. Stunting (low height/length-for-age), underweight (low weight-for-age) and thinness (low body mass index-for-age) were calculated using z-scores based on the World Health Organization child growth standards. The association of tobacco and alcohol use with stunting, underweight and thinness was analysed using logistic regression analysis. The results showed a mean age of 29 years (24.0; 35.0) for mothers and 7.6 ± 3 months for infants, and over half of the mothers were unemployed (63%). Approximately 18.7% of mothers had used tobacco and 3% had used alcohol during pregnancy. The prevalence of current tobacco and alcohol use among mothers were estimated at 14.3% and 49.7%, respectively, and almost three-quarters (67.3%) of them were still breastfeeding during the study period. Stunting (55%) was the most prevalent malnutrition indicator among infants, while underweight was 41.7%, and thinness was 22%. Current tobacco use was associated with increased odds of being thin [OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.09–5.45), and after adjusting for confounders, current alcohol use was associated with the likelihood of being underweight [AOR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.06–3.63] among infants. Future prospective cohort studies that examine growth patterns among infants who are exposed to maternal tobacco and alcohol use from the intrauterine life to infancy are necessary to inform, partly, the public health programmes, to reduce malnutrition among children.

Download Full-text

The Relationship Between Maxillary Growth and Speech in Children With a Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate at 5 Years of Age

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1177/10556656211010620 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105566562110106

Author(s):

Matthew Fell ◽

Jibby Medina ◽

Kate Fitzsimons ◽

Miriam Seifert ◽

Anne Roberts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cleft Lip ◽

Cleft Lip And Palate ◽

Poor Growth ◽

History Of ◽

Dental Models ◽

Maxillary Growth ◽

Growth Scores ◽

Outcomes For Children ◽

The Relationship ◽

Normal Speech

Objective: This study sought to investigate the association between maxillary growth and speech outcomes for children with a repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) at 5 years of age. Participants: In all, 521 children (180 females and 341 males) with a nonsyndromic complete UCLP, born between 2007 and 2012 in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland were included in this study. Outcome Measures: Maxillary growth was analyzed using dental models scored by the 5-Year-Olds’ index, and perceptual speech analyses were scored by the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech – Augmented rating. Results: Forty-one percent of the children achieved good maxillary growth (scores 1 and 2 on 5-Year-Old’ index). Fifty percent of the children achieved normal speech (achieving UK speech standard 1). Maxillary growth was not found to have an impact on speech outcome when described by the 3 UK National Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Audit Outcome Standards. Analysis according to individual speech parameters showed dentalizations to be less prevalent in children with good maxillary growth compared to fair and poor growth ( P = .001). The remaining speech parameters within resonance, nasal airflow, and articulation categories were not significantly associated with maxillary growth. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that children with a history of complete UCLP, who have poor maxillary growth, are not at a higher risk of having major speech errors compared to children with good or fair maxillary growth at 5 years of age.

Download Full-text

Rescue radiofrequency ablation or percutaneous ethanol injection: a strategy for failed RALPPS stage-1 in patients with cirrhosis-related hepatocellular carcinoma

BMC Surgery ◽

10.1186/s12893-021-01241-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Qiang Wang ◽

Shu Chen ◽

Jun Yan ◽

Torkel Brismar ◽

Ernesto Sparrelid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Radiofrequency Ablation ◽

Future Liver Remnant ◽

Percutaneous Ethanol Injection ◽

Portal Vein Branch ◽

Liver Size ◽

Poor Growth ◽

Liver Remnant ◽

Ethanol Injection ◽

Stage 1

Abstract Background The future liver remnant (FLR) faces a risk of poor growth in patients with cirrhosis-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after stage-1 radiofrequency-assisted ALPPS (RALPPS). The present study presents a strategy to trigger further FLR growth using supplementary radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI). Methods At RALPPS stage-1 the portal vein branch was ligated, followed by intraoperative RFA creating a coagulated avascular area between the FLR and the deportalized lobes. During the interstage period, patients not achieving sufficient liver size (≥ 40%) within 2–3 weeks underwent additional percutaneous RFA/PEI of the deportalized lobes (rescue RFA/PEI) in an attempt to further stimulate FLR growth. Results Seven patients underwent rescue RFA/PEI after RALPPS stage-1. In total five RFAs and eight PEIs were applied in these patients. The kinetic growth rate (KGR) was highest the first week after RALPPS stage-1 (10%, range − 1% to 15%), and then dropped to 1.5% (0–9%) in the second week (p < 0.05). With rescue RFA/PEI applied, KGR increased significantly to 4% (2–5%) compared with that before the rescue procedures (p < 0.05). Five patients proceeded to RALPPS stage-2. Two patients failed: In one patient the FLR remained at a constant level even after four rescue PEIs. The other patient developed metastasis. Except one patient died after RALPPS stage-2, no severe complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ IIIb) occurred among remaining six patients. Conclusions Rescue RFA/PEI may provide an alternative to trigger further growth of the FLR in patients with cirrhosis-related HCC showing insufficient FLR after RALPPS stage-1. Trial registration Retrospectively registered.

Download Full-text

Influences on catch-up growth using relative versus absolute metrics: evidence from the MAL-ED cohort study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11120-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Stephanie A. Richard ◽

Benjamin J. J. McCormick ◽

Laura E. Murray-Kolb ◽

Pascal Bessong ◽

Sanjaya K. Shrestha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Low Income ◽

Cognitive Outcomes ◽

Absolute Difference ◽

Maternal Height ◽

Z Score ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Poor Growth ◽

Micronutrient Status

Abstract Background Poor growth in early childhood has been considered irreversible after 2–3 years of age and has been associated with morbidity and mortality over the short-term and with poor economic and cognitive outcomes over the long-term. The MAL-ED cohort study was performed in eight low-income settings with the goal of evaluating relationships between the child’s environment and experience (dietary, illness, and pathogen exposure, among others) and their growth and development. The goal of this analysis is to determine whether there are differences in the factors associated with growth from 24 to 60 months using two different metrics. Methods Across six MAL-ED sites, 942 children had anthropometry data at 24 and 60 months, as well as information about socioeconomic status, maternal height, gut permeability (lactulose-mannitol z-score (LMZ)), dietary intake from 9 to 24 months, and micronutrient status. Anthropometric changes were in height- or weight-for-age z-score (HAZ, WAZ), their absolute difference from the growth standard median (HAD (cm), WAD (kg)), as well as recovery from stunting/underweight. Outcomes were modeled using multivariate regression. Results At 24 months, almost half of the cohort was stunted (45%) and 21% were underweight. Among those who were stunted at 24 months (n = 426), 185 (43%) were no longer stunted at 60 months. Most children increased their HAZ from 24 to 60 months (81%), whereas fewer (33%) had positive changes in their HAD. Linear regression models indicate that girls improved less than boys from 24 to 60 months (HAZ: -0.21 (95% CI -0.27, -0.15); HAD: -0.75 (-1.07, -0.43)). Greater intestinal permeability (higher LMZ) at 0–24 months was associated with lower relative and absolute changes from 24 to 60 months (HAZ: -0.10 (-0.16, -0.04); HAD: -0.47 (-0.73, -0.21)). Maternal height (per 10 cm) was positively associated with changes (HAZ: 0.09 (0.03, 0.15); HAD: 0.45 (0.15, 0.75)). Similar relationships were identified for changes in WAZ and WAD. Conclusions The study children demonstrated improved growth from 24 to 60 months of age, but only a subset had positive changes in HAD and WAD. The same environmental factors were associated with growth from 24 to 60 months regardless of metric used (change in HAZ or HAD, or WAZ and WAD).

Download Full-text

Trade Liberalization and Pro-Poor Growth in South Africa

Studies in Economics and Econometrics ◽

10.1080/10800379.2007.12106433 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 161-179

Author(s):

J Thurlow

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Trade Liberalization ◽

Poor Growth

Download Full-text

Apple Autotetraploids with Enhanced Resistance to Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) Due to Genome Duplication-Phenotypic and Genetic Evaluation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22020527 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 527

Author(s):

Małgorzata Podwyszyńska ◽

Monika Markiewicz ◽

Agata Broniarek-Niemiec ◽

Bożena Matysiak ◽

Agnieszka Marasek-Ciolakowska

Keyword(s):

Venturia Inaequalis ◽

Leaf Shape ◽

Apple Scab ◽

Early Period ◽

Physiological Parameters ◽

Aflp Analysis ◽

Poor Growth ◽

Enhanced Resistance ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Old Trees

Among the fungal diseases of apple trees, serious yield losses are due to an apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis. Protection against this disease is based mainly on chemical treatments, which are currently very limited. Therefore, it is extremely important to introduce cultivars with reduced susceptibility to this pathogen. One of the important sources of variability for breeding is the process of polyploidization. Newly obtained polyploids may acquire new features, including increased resistance to diseases. In our earlier studies, numerous tetraploids have been obtained for several apple cultivars with ‘Free Redstar’ tetraploids manifesting enhanced resistance to apple scab. In the present study, tetraploids of ‘Free Redstar’ were assessed in terms of phenotype and genotype with particular emphasis on the genetic background of their increased resistance to apple scab. Compared to diploid plants, tetraploids (own-rooted plants) were characterized with poor growth, especially during first growing season. They had considerably shorter shoots, fewer branches, smaller stem diameter, and reshaped leaves. In contrast to own-rooted plants, in M9-grafted three-year old trees, no significant differences between diplo- and tetraploids were observed, either in morphological or physiological parameters, with the exceptions of the increased leaf thickness and chlorophyll content recorded in tetraploids. Significant differences between sibling tetraploid clones were recorded, particularly in leaf shape and some physiological parameters. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis confirmed genetic polymorphism of tetraploid clones. Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) analysis showed that the level of DNA methylation was twice as high in young tetraploid plants as in a diploid donor tree, which may explain the weaker vigour of neotetraploids in the early period of their growth in the juvenile phase. Molecular analysis showed that ‘Free Redstar’ cultivar and their tetraploids bear six Rvi genes (Rvi5, Rvi6, Rvi8, Rvi11, Rvi14 and Rvi17). Transcriptome analysis confirmed enhanced resistance to apple scab of ‘Free Redstar’ tetraploids since the expression levels of genes related to resistance were strongly enhanced in tetraploids compared to their diploid counterparts.

Download Full-text