scholarly journals The Influence of Selected Abiotic Factors on the Occurrence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in Soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Magdalena Dzięgielewska ◽  
Andrzej Skwiercz
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Abiotic Factors

scholarly journals Isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes in an apple orchard in Southern Brazil and its virulence to Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae, under laboratory conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Foelkel ◽  
M. Voss ◽  
L. B. Monteiro ◽  
G. Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Anastrepha Fraterculus

Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a promising alternative to integrated control in many fruit pests. Few studies were made on the relationship of Anastrepha fraterculus natural population with native EPNs population and other biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of this work was to verify the occurrence of endemic nematodes in an apple orchard, concerning environmental conditions and technical procedure, and access isolates virulence to A. fraterculus larvae. The experiment was conducted during a year taking monthly soil samples from an apple orchard, with and without fallen fruits just above the soil. Samples were baited with Tenebrium molitor and A. fraterculus larvae in laboratory. Canopy and fallen fruits were sampled to access the pest infestation. Seventy three EPN isolates were captured, in 23.2% soil samples, more with T. molitor than with A. fraterculus baits. From the 20 isolates tested against A. fraterculus, only five were pathogenic, and they were identified as Oscheius sp. The nematodes were captured during all seasons in a similar frequency. Soil and weather conditions, presence of fruit over the orchard soil, and A. fraterculus pupae in the fruits had no significant influence on the capture. As a conclusion, nematodes of the genera Oscheius are found in an apple orchard of Porto Amazonas constantly along the year, independently of fluctuations in A. fraterculus population, climate conditions and presence of fruit over the soil. Some of the isolates are pathogenic to A. fraterculus.

scholarly journals Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi in agricultural areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 214-225
Author(s):  
Magdalena Dzięgielewska ◽  
Iwona Adamska
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
The Right ◽  
Biological Methods

In 2016-2018, in north-western Poland, field studies were carried out on the coexistence of various taxonomic groups, such as soil nematodes and fungi, including beneficial species that comprise the environment’s natural resistance to pests in agrocenoses. The research aimed to find a connection between select biotic and abiotic factors in the chosen crops which could have practical applications in plant protection. Entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae Filipiev, 1934 and entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps fumosorosea and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin were found to be present in all studied agrocenoses; however, they showed clear preferences for some types of crops or soil. The research shows that the effectiveness of the biological methods of plant protection depends on the selection of the right biopreparations, which strengthen the local populations of the beneficial organisms present in specific agriculture areas.

scholarly journals Dispersal and Repulsion of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Prenol

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kassandra Kin ◽  
Tiffany Baiocchi ◽  
Adler R. Dillman
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Dispersal Behavior ◽  
Natural Alcohol ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Insect Cadaver

Chemosensory cues are crucial for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)—a guild of insect-killing parasitic nematodes that are used as biological control agents against a variety of agricultural pests. Dispersal is an essential element of the EPN life cycle in which newly developed infective juveniles (IJs) emerge and migrate away from a resource-depleted insect cadaver in order to search for new hosts. Emergence and dispersal are complex processes that involve biotic and abiotic factors, however, the elements that result in EPN dispersal behaviors have not been well-studied. Prenol is a simple isoprenoid and a natural alcohol found in association with EPN-infected, resource-depleted insect cadavers, and this odorant has been speculated to play a role in dispersal behavior in EPNs. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating the behavioral responses of five different species of EPNs to prenol both as a distal-chemotactic cue and as a dispersal cue. The results indicate that prenol acted as a repulsive agent for all five species tested, while only two species responded to prenol as a dispersal cue.

scholarly journals NATURAL ENEMIES OF HERBIVORES MAINTAIN THEIR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL POTENTIAL UNDER FUTURE CO2, TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION PATTERNS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Van Doan ◽  
Marc Pfander ◽  
Anouk Guyer ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Corina Maurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Increased Temperature

ABSTRACTClimate change will profoundly alter the physiology and ecology of plants, insect herbivores and their natural enemies, resulting in strong effects on multitrophic interactions. Yet, manipulative studies that investigate the direct combined impacts of changes in CO2, temperature, and precipitation on this group of organisms remain rare. Here, we assessed how three day exposure to elevated CO2, increased temperature, and decreased precipitation affect the performance and predation success on species from four major groups of natural enemies of insect herbivores: an entomopathogenic nematode, a wolf spider, a ladybug and a parasitoid wasp. Future climatic conditions (RCP 8.5), entailing a 28% decrease in precipitation, a 3.4°C raise in temperature and a 400 ppm increase in CO2 levels, slightly reduced the survival of entomopathogenic nematodes, but had no effect on the survival of other species. Predation success was not negatively affected in any of the tested species, but was even increased for wolf spiders and entomopathogenic nematodes. Factorial manipulation of climate variables revealed a positive effect of reduced soil moisture on nematode infectivity, but not of increased temperature or elevated CO2. These results suggest that natural enemies of herbivores are well adapted to short term changes in climatic conditions and may not suffer from direct negative effects of future climates. These findings provide mechanistic insights that will inform future efforts to disentangle the complex interplay of biotic and abiotic factors that drive climate-dependent changes in multitrophic interaction networks.

Entomopathogenic Nematodes of Thrips Thripinema spp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Allantonematidae)

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (5) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Danielle M. Sprague ◽  
Joseph E. Funderburk
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Economic Importance

Originally published on the Featured Creatures Website at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/nematode/Thripinema_spp.htm Includes: Introduction - Distribution - Life Cycle and Biology - Symptoms - Hosts and Identification - Economic Importance - Management - Selected References

Coral husbandry for ocean futures: leveraging abiotic factors to increase survivorship, growth, and resilience in juvenile Montipora capitata

2021 ◽  
Vol 657 ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
JR Hancock ◽  
AR Barrows ◽  
TC Roome ◽  
AS Huffmyer ◽  
SB Matsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Larval Rearing ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Montipora Capitata ◽  
Reef Restoration ◽  
Juvenile Corals ◽  
Bleaching Response ◽  
The Face ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Global And Local

Reef restoration via direct outplanting of sexually propagated juvenile corals is a key strategy in preserving coral reef ecosystem function in the face of global and local stressors (e.g. ocean warming). To advance our capacity to scale and maximize the efficiency of restoration initiatives, we examined how abiotic conditions (i.e. larval rearing temperature, substrate condition, light intensity, and flow rate) interact to enhance post-settlement survival and growth of sexually propagated juvenile Montipora capitata. Larvae were reared at 3 temperatures (high: 28.9°C, ambient: 27.2°C, low: 24.5°C) for 72 h during larval development, and were subsequently settled on aragonite plugs conditioned in seawater (1 or 10 wk) and raised in different light and flow regimes. These juvenile corals underwent a natural bleaching event in Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i (USA), in summer 2019, allowing us to opportunistically measure bleaching response in addition to survivorship and growth. This study demonstrates how leveraging light and flow can increase the survivorship and growth of juvenile M. capitata. In contrast, larval preconditioning and substrate conditioning had little overall effect on survivorship, growth, or bleaching response. Importantly, there was no optimal combination of abiotic conditions that maximized survival and growth in addition to bleaching tolerances. This study highlights the ability to tailor sexual reproduction for specific restoration goals by addressing knowledge gaps and incorporating practices that could improve resilience in propagated stocks.

Characterizing the impact of recovering sea otters on commercially important crabs in California estuaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
pp. 123-137
Author(s):  
TM Grimes ◽  
MT Tinker ◽  
BB Hughes ◽  
KE Boyer ◽  
L Needles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Sea Otter ◽  
Dungeness Crab ◽  
Sea Otters ◽  
Elkhorn Slough ◽  
Enhydra Lutris Nereis ◽  
Crab Abundance ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
The Impact

Protective legislation and management have led to an increase in California’s sea otter Enhydra lutris nereis population. While sea otter recovery has been linked to ecosystem benefits, sea otter predation may negatively affect commercially valuable species. Understanding the potential influence of sea otters is of particular importance as their range expands into estuaries that function as nurseries for commercially valuable species like Dungeness crab Metacarcinus magister. We consider how sea otter predation has affected the abundance and size of juvenile Dungeness crab in Elkhorn Slough, California, USA, and analyzed cancrid crab abundance and size across 4 California estuaries with and without sea otters to understand how biotic and abiotic factors contribute to observed variation in crab size and abundance. We compared trends in southern sea otters relative to Dungeness crab landings in California to assess whether increasing sea otter abundance have negatively impacted landings. In Elkhorn Slough, juvenile Dungeness crab abundance and size have declined since 2012, coinciding with sea otter population growth. However, the impact of sea otters on juvenile Dungeness crab size was habitat-specific and only significant in unvegetated habitat. Across estuaries, we found that cancrid crab abundance and size were negatively associated with sea otter presence. While abiotic factors varied among estuaries, these factors explained little of the observed variation in crab abundance or size. Although we found evidence that sea otters can have localized effects on cancrid crab populations within estuaries, we found no evidence that southern sea otters, at recent population sizes, have negatively impacted Dungeness crab landings in California from 2000-2014.

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