scholarly journals Productivity of Phosphorus Fertilization in Cowpea-Maize Strip Intercropping under Rainfed Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (02) ◽  
pp. 270-276
Author(s):  
Joseph Nwafor Akanwe Asiwe
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Cowpea Varieties ◽  
Strip Intercropping ◽  
Semi Arid

Crop yields are declined due to low soil fertility, insufficient soil water availability and poorly managed cropping systems in Limpopo province of South Africa. Phosphorus (P) is a major essential nutrient element required by crops for enhanced growth and development. Interactions between different rates of P fertilization and strip intercropping system have not been studied in detail under rainfed conditions in semi-arid region of Limpopo province. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the performance of four cowpea varieties at four levels (0, 15, 30, 45 kg P ha-1) of P fertilization in a cowpea-maize intercropping system in a split-split plot design during two seasons. Significant interactions were obtained between variety and phosphorus application as well as variety and cropping system for 90% physiological maturity, root mass and grain yield in both seasons. P levels significantly influenced and enhanced grain yield, land equivalent ratio, profit and benefit cost ratio achieved. PAN311 and TVu13464 matured earlier across P levels and they were selected promising cowpea varieties based on their early maturity and high yield. Land equivalent ratio values were greater than 1.0, which indicated performance and advantage of an intercropping system over monocropping system in land utilisation. The optimum P level for cowpea-maize strip intercropping was at 30 kg P ha-1 based on yield and financial return. The results showed that P application enhanced the productivity of the cowpea varieties in cowpea-maize strip intercropping in the semi-arid environment of Limpopo province. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Yield and Economic Assessments of Five Cowpea Varieties in Cowpea-Maize Strip Intercropping in Limpopo Province, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Joseph Nwafor Akanwe Asiwe
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Species Competition ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Cowpea Varieties ◽  
Strip Intercropping

Farmers‟ traditional cropping practice in Limpopo Province is to mix and broadcast crops at planting without definite row arrangement. Although this practice is very easy and cost-saving, it leads to low plant density, hinders farm input application, and results in low crop yields and poor return on investment. Strip intercropping, where crops are planted with definite row arrangement, reduces inter-species competition, optimises plant population, and increases crop yield. Five cowpea varieties i.e. „TVu 13464‟, „IT86D-1010‟, „Glenda‟, „IT82E-16‟ and „IT87K-499-35‟ and maize was grown under strip intercropping, monocropping, and mixed intercropping as a control during two seasons. During both years, significant interactions were obtained between the cowpea varieties and the cropping systems in most of the variables measured. Cowpea sown in the strip intercropping performed better compared those sown in mixed intercropping. Cowpea varieties „IT86D-1010‟, „IT82E-16‟ and „IT87K-499-35‟ harvested more grain yield under monocropping and strip intercropping than under mixed intercropping. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of strip intercropping during the two seasons ranged between 1.25 and 2.29 and was higher compared to mixed intercropping, which ranged between 0.50 and 1.32. In conclusion, cowpea varieties „IT86D-1010‟, „IT82E-16‟ and „IT87K-499-35‟ sown with maize as strip intercropping resulted more profits under intercropping systems and were recommended for cultivation by farmers in the Limpopo region with low rainfall. Moreover, grain yield, LER, and net profit achieved by strip intercropping was three-fold more than mixed intercropping. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Performance and Economic Prospect of Pigeonpea Varieties in Pigeonpea-Maize Strip Intercropping in Limpopo Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Joseph Nwafor Akanwe Asiwe
Keyword(s):  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Strip Intercropping

Pigeonpea is an important grain legume, and is traditionally intercropped with maize in West Africa and India. Small farmers in Limpopo Province, South Africa, who cultivate pigeonpea landraces under traditional mixed intercropping, experience the challenge of low productivity. Strip intercropping is a novel cropping system has greater efficiency and productivity in resource utilization when compared to mixed intercropping. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the performance of improved pigeonpea varieties under a pigeonpea-maize strip intercropping system. Five pigeonpea varieties (ICEAP 001284, ICEAP 00604, ICEAP 87091, ICEAP 00661 and ICEAP 01101-2) were intercropped in maize as mixed and strip intercropping during the 2015–2016 and 2016/2017 cropping seasons while monocrops of both crops were also maintained as control. The trial for each season was replicated three times in a split plot design. During both seasons, ICEAP 001284 and ICEAP 00604 exhibited the shortest number of days to attain 50% flowering under strip intercropping and monocropping when compared to the remaining varieties. Higher significant (P < 0.05) grain yields (1726 kg ha-1, 1478 kg ha-1 and 858 kg ha-1 were obtained under strip intercropping for ICEAP 001284, ICEAP 01101-2 and ICEAP 00604, respectively during 2016/2017 than their respective grain yields during 2015/2016 season. Strip intercropping out-performed mixed intercropping with a higher land equivalent ratio and cash returns due to its ripple effect in the enhanced yield components. Among the five pigeonpea varieties, ICEAP 001284, ICEAP 00604 and ICEAP 01101-2, performed exceedingly well in their crop mixtures. In conclusion, the three pigeonpea varieties were selected for cultivation under strip intercropping. Strip intercropping exhibited greater efficiency in resource utilization and productivity over mixed intercropping in terms of grain yield, land equivalent ratio, net profit, and benefit-cost ratio. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF TILLAGE, PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION AND CROP ROTATION ON PEARL MILLET–COWPEA PRODUCTIVITY IN THE WEST-AFRICAN SAHEL

2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. SUBBARAO ◽  
C. RENARD ◽  
W. A. PAYNE ◽  
A. BATIONO
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Environmental Index ◽  
Traditional System

The millet (Pennisetum glaucum)-based cropping systems that dominate the Sudano–Sahelian Zone of West Africa cannot, as they are currently practised, meet the growing food needs of the region. They must therefore be intensified in a sustainable manner. The present study was initiated in 1986 and continued until 1996 to evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilization, tillage and rotation with sole cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on an operational scale with two cropping systems, namely, sole millet and millet–cowpea intercropping. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. The effects of P fertilization, ridging with animal traction and planting on ridges (AT), and rotation with sole cowpea increased the productivity of millet substantially in 10 of the 11 years. Based on the 11-year average, P fertilization alone improved grain yield by 52%, and AT with P fertilization improved grain yield by nearly 135%. Combining AT, P fertilization and the sole cowpea rotation resulted in a 200% increase in grain yield compared with the traditional system of production. Millet productivity did not show a significant decline when intercropped with cowpea. Stability and relative stability analysis showed that the traditional system was more stable than the various agronomic packages, but had the least yield. Conversely, the agronomic package with the highest yield advantage over the traditional system was the least stable. A major portion of the annual variation in the environmental index for grain yield and total dry matter was attributed to the seasonal variation in rainfall and organic matter depletion. Organic matter levels declined linearly with years of cultivation. Significant differences were found in the rate of depletion between the various agronomic treatments tested. After 11 years, nearly 60% of the organic matter was depleted irrespective of the agronomic treatments.

Studies on spatial arrangement in sorghum-legume intercropping systems

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Western India ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
North Western

SUMMARYField experiments on spatial arrangements in intercropping systems were conducted under rainfed conditions in north-western India during 1975 and 1976. In these experiments sorghum yield increased by 21·6, 20·3, 29·2, 36·5 and 14·;2% when grown in association with the legumes greengrarn, blackgram, grain and fodder cow peas and groundnut respectively when compared with sorghum alone. Spatial arrangements had only marginal effect on sorghum yield but the yields of all the intercrops were appreciably affected. Paired rows with two rows of intercrop in 90 cm spacing resulted in maximum yield of all the intercrops. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was also influenced considerably by different intercrops and spatial arrangements. Planting of sorghum in paired rows having two rows of grain cow pea within 90 cm spacing gave maximum LER in both the years; however, net returns were maximum with fodder cow pea in same spatial arrangement.

scholarly journals Effect of supplemental irrigation on bread wheat genotypes yield under Mediterranean semi-arid conditions of north-eastern Algeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ridha Aissaoui ◽  
Mohamed Fenni
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Eastern Algeria ◽  
Jointing Stage ◽  
Semi Arid

 Different levels of supplemental irrigation regimes on four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated, two of which were introduced into Sétif region by ACSAD institution, during the growing season 2013-2014, in order to assess the effect of deficit irrigation pattern on yield traits performance and to determine most suitable genotype for local semi-arid conditions. On the basis of the experimentation data, it was found that supplemental irrigation improved the investigated genotypes yield, which ranged from 220.03 g m-2 for variety El-wifak in rainfed conditions to 368.3 g m-2 for variety Djanet (ACSAD899) with an increase of about 67%; just by applying two irrigations, the first at the jointing stage and the second at mid-flowering stage. This increase was related to the improvement of most agronomic traits that correlated significantly and positively with grain yield, in response to supplemental irrigation application. These findings indicated that Djanet (ACSAD899) was a genotype successfully introduced under irrigated conditions, while Hidhab (HD1220) with an average grain yield of 298.3 g m-2, proved to be more stable and well adapted to the locally rainfed conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of Genotype in Cereal/Pigeonpea Intercropping on the Alfisols of the Semi-Arid Tropics of India

1983 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Rao ◽  
R. W. Willey
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Undue Risk

SUMMARYIn a 2 row cereal: 1 row pigeonpea intercropping system, four sorghum and two millet genotypes were examined with four of pigeonpea on a medium-deep Alfisol during 1978 and 1979. The cereals usually produced a large proportion of their sole crop yields. Millets matured relatively early which allowed large yields of later-maturing pigeonpea. A tall millet gave the best total Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 1.78 and most monetary returns. Early and/or short sorghums produced large LERs (1.51–1.59) and combinations with an early hybrid also gave good returns. A tall late sorghum gave poor yields of both components, smallest total LER (1.30), and little return. Pigeonpea intercrop yields became larger as the maturity difference between the cereal and pigeonpea increased. A combination of a short, early but large-yielding cereal with a pigeonpea that is as late as possible without incurring undue risk of moisture stress may be ideal.

scholarly journals Land Equivalent Ratio of Cowpea–Sorghum Relay Intercrop as Affected by Different Cattle Manure Application Rates Under Smallholder Farming System

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cosmas Parwada ◽  
Trust Antony Chinyama
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Available N ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Relay Intercrop

Poor soil fertility is a major challenge to crop production in the communal farming areas of Zimbabwe. Intercropping legumes and cereals is a common soil fertility management technology among the farmers. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate cowpea–sorghum relay intercropping advantages in response to different cattle manure application rates. A 3 × 4 factorial experiment laid in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replicates was conducted. The treatments were three cropping systems (sorghum sole, cowpea sole, and cowpea–sorghum intercrop) and four cattle manure application rates (0, 50, 75, and 100%). Crop growth rate (CGR), grain yield, harvest index (HI), relative competitive ability of each crop, and land equivalent ratio (LER) were measured. Analysis of variance and non-linear regression analyses were done to determine the yield benefits of cowpea–sorghum intercrop and estimate the relative competitive ability, respectively. Application of &gt;75% cattle manure in a cowpea–sorghum intercrop enhanced the sorghum grain yield (75%) and HI (125%) of unmanured cowpea–sorghum plots. Cowpeas had higher CGR (159.6, 166.7 and 149.5 g m−2 day−1 at 7, 21, and 35 days after planting, respectively) at &gt;75% cattle manure application rates on both intercrop and sole cropping than sorghum but with lower grain yield (1.4 t ha−1). Intraspecific competitive stress in sorghum was reduced at a high (&gt;75%) quantity of manure applied. The effects of the intraspecific competition in cowpea were stronger (0.693) on grain yield than biomass at &gt;75% manure application rates. The LER was &gt;1 in all the treatments and was highest (2.73) under the cowpea–sorghum relay intercrop without cattle manure. Cattle manure application at 75% in a cowpea–sorghum intercrop enhanced the grain yield in sorghum and vegetative growth in cowpeas. It is therefore recommended to use the &gt;75% cattle manure application rate in the intercrop if one wants higher grain in sorghum and high biomass in cowpeas possibly for fodder. Further studies are recommended to quantify the rate of increase in available N under the cowpea–sorghum relay intercrop with &gt;75% cattle manure application rates.

scholarly journals Types of interactions in intercropping of maize and soya bean

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeljko Dolijanovic ◽  
Dusan Kovacevic ◽  
Snezana Oljaca ◽  
Milena Simic
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Maize Research Institute ◽  
Strip Intercropping ◽  
Intensity Of Competition

Intercropping two or more crops under similar micro environmental conditions can increase the agricultural productivity. A field study was conducted in three-year period 2003-2005 at experimental field of Maize Research Institute, Belgrade on chernozem soil type. This examination included three experimental hybrids of maize from various FAO groups of ripening (500,600 and 700) and the type of soya bean from II group of ripening (Nena). Maize and soybean was grown in pure stands and three combinations of intercrops (alternate-row and in strip intercropping). Additive design was used for creating of intercrop variants. The paper investigated the grain yield of maize and soya bean in the intercropping, and compared with the yield of the monocrops. Comparison of the yield was carried out with the most Number indicators- Land equivalent Ratio index (LER). For individual comparisons used the standard error differences between means. Comparing with the intercropping production of monocrops production of maize and soya bean, with the index LER, the results obtained indicate that there are more intercropping production, especially in 2004. The three-year average, the increase of grain yield in the intercropping in relation to monocrops of maize and soya bean was 45% in the strip, or 49% in the alternate rows. Intra-species the intensity of competition is higher in the strip and in the pattern arrangement of the resulting lower relative grain yield, primarily due to lower maize yield.

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