POLIO VACCINE; INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE INTERVENTION AND POLIO ERADICATION CAMPAIGN; KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF YOUNG DOCTORS

Poliomyelitis is an exclusively human disease that mainly affects children. Clinical features of poliomyelitis can be varied, from mild illness to the most severe paralysis, and the factor why poliomyelitis has different performances in individuals has been proved strongly correlated with membrane protein CD155. The nervous system shows a special protecting phenomenon against the invasion of poliovirus, and the mechanism is not very clear at present. Vaccines are the main means of preventing and controlling polio, and many different vaccines have been invented in the process of fighting polio. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) are the two main vaccines. IPV is known for its safety while OPV is widely used in developing countries because of its relatively low cost. This usage also leads to some side effects: vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Now, for polio eradication, the elimination of these two diseases has become particularly important. Thus, a new type of vaccine was created: sequential IPV-OPV with the safety of IPV and the low cost of OPV. This paper will talk about the different polio vaccines and their effects. An enormous difference between people who have gotten the vaccine and people who have not got the vaccine. Comparing the two kinds of people, people who get normal poliovirus, and people who get poliovirus after taking a vaccine, known as VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis), the former cannot get full recovery whole life and the latter has a very low possibility. In conclusion, people should take vaccines if it is affordable for them.

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The path towards polio eradication over 40 years of the Expanded Program on Immunization in the Americas

Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública ◽

10.26633/rpsp.2017.154 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Cristina Pedreira ◽

Elizabeth Thrush ◽

Gloria Rey-Benito ◽

Ana Elena Chévez ◽

Barbara Jauregui

Keyword(s):

Best Practices ◽

Dominican Republic ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Expanded Program On Immunization ◽

Over 40 Years

This article synthesizes the important lessons learned from polio eradication in the Region of the Americas, including initial and more recent challenges and best practices, as well as particular factors surrounding attainment of this ambitious goal. Using documents, interviews, and country surveys, the authors describe and analyze the strategies and lessons learned during the 40 years of the Expanded Program on Immunization (1977 – 2017). Some major milestones and chxallenges specifically covered are: the Vaccine-derived Poliovirus (VDPV) outbreak in the Dominican Republic; the regional “mop-up operation;” poliovirus containment in essential facilities; the unprecedented introduction of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV); the synchronized switch from trivalent to bivalent OPV; and the countries’ unfailing commitment to the cause.

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Moving from oral poliovirus vaccine to inactivated poliovirus vaccine: The rationale and challenges

Bangladesh Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjm.v31i1.44749 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 22-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kazi Zulfiquer Mamun ◽

Nabeela Mahboob ◽

Kazi Taib Mamun ◽

Hasina Iqbal

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Sole Source ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽

Routine Immunization ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

The Past ◽

Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has served as the cornerstone of polio eradication efforts over the past 30 years, trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has re-ascended to prominence in the past year, now acting as the sole source of protective immunity against type 2 poliovirus in routine immunization programmes. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic plan 2013–2018, developed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) outlines the phased removal of OPVs, starting with type 2 poliovirus–containing vaccines and introduction of inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization to mitigate against risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 22-28

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Spread of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus from a Paralytic Case in an Immunodeficient Child: an Insight into the Natural Evolution of Oral Polio Vaccine

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.79.2.1062-1070.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

pp. 1062-1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

E. A. Cherkasova ◽

M. L. Yakovenko ◽

G. V. Rezapkin ◽

E. A. Korotkova ◽

O. E. Ivanova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Extended Period ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

Human Organism ◽

Synonymous Mutations ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Recombinant Type ◽

Eradication Campaign ◽

Insight Into

ABSTRACT Sabin strains used in the manufacture of oral polio vaccine (OPV) replicate in the human organism and can give rise to vaccine-derived polioviruses. The increased neurovirulence of vaccine derivatives has been known since the beginning of OPV use, but their ability to establish circulation in communities has been recognized only recently during the latest stages of the polio eradication campaign. This important observation called for studies of their emergence and evolution as well as extensive surveillance to determine the scope of this phenomenon. Here, we present the results of a study of vaccine-derived isolates from an immunocompromised poliomyelitis patient, the contacts, and the local sewage. All isolates were identified as closely related and slightly evolved vaccine derivatives with a recombinant type 2/type 1 genome. The strains also shared several amino acid substitutions including a mutation in the VP1 protein that was previously shown to be associated with the loss of attenuation. Another mutation in the VP3 protein resulted in altered immunological properties of the isolates, possibly facilitating virus spread in immunized populations. The patterns and rates of the accumulation of synonymous mutations in isolates collected from the patient over the extended period of excretion suggest either a substantially nonuniform rate of mutagenesis throughout the genome, or, more likely, the strains may have been intratypic recombinants between coevolving derivatives with different degrees of divergence from the vaccine parent. This study provides insight into the early stages of the establishment of circulation by runaway vaccine strains.

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