scholarly journals Exploring Cooperative Behaviors Among the Sena of Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique and the Dolgan/Nganasan of Ust'-Avam, Siberia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Silva
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Reciprocal Altruism ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Relationship Type ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors ◽  
Using Data

Why do humans cooperate? Mechanisms including inclusive fitness, reciprocal altruism, indirect reciprocity, and costly signaling provide explanations for human cooperation and partner choice. Using data from the Sena people of Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique and the Dolgan/Nganasan of Ust’-Avam Siberia, I examine several questions relating to cooperation. During a preliminary study, interview and observational data was collected that provide insight on the day-to-day activities of 33 households in Gorongosa National Park. Cooperative activities include cooperative socializing, play, cooperative breeding, and household labor. It was found that most daily activities observed were done solitarily and men were most likely to be participating in the cooperative activities. A social network analysis of cooperative hunts among the Dolgan and Nganasan allowed me to test the influence of relationship type, reciprocity, and centrality on partner choice and hunting returns. Hunters were more likely to choose kin and friends as partners, and these relationships had greater reciprocity than neighbors and acquaintances. Hunters with high outdegree centrality and betweenness centrality had greater production per capita hunting returns. These outcomes are consistent with inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism, and the benefits associated with cooperation.

The Sociobiology of Human Cooperation

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Bowles ◽  
Herbert Gintis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Equilibrium Selection ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Reciprocal Altruism ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Biological Explanations

This chapter examines the sociobiology of human cooperation. Given the tendency of people to copy the successful and the fact that natural selection favors the more fit, the chapter asks how our altruistic preferences overcame the cultural and biological evolutionary handicaps entailed by the reduced payoffs that they elicited. To answer this question, two major biological explanations of cooperation are discussed: inclusive fitness in either a kin-based or a multi-level selection model, and reciprocal altruism and its indirect reciprocity and costly signaling variants. The chapter explores a model of inclusive fitness based on group differentiation and competition, clarifying what is meant by multi-level selection and how it works. It also discusses models that address equilibrium selection, the link between standing strategy and indirect reciprocity, and positive assortment. Finally, it assesses the mechanisms and motives underlying helping behavior.

scholarly journals Harnessing the Power of Reputation: Strengths and Limits for Promoting Cooperative Behaviors

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 147470491201000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Environmental Behaviors ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Positive Behaviors ◽  
Competitive Altruism ◽  
Good Reputation ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors ◽  
Reputational Costs

Evolutionary approaches have done much to identify the pressures that select for cooperative sentiment. This helps us understand when and why cooperation will arise, and applied research shows how these pressures can be harnessed to promote various types of cooperation. In particular, recent evidence shows how opportunities to acquire a good reputation can promote cooperation in laboratory and applied settings. Cooperation can be promoted by tapping into forces like indirect reciprocity, costly signaling, and competitive altruism. When individuals help others, they receive reputational benefits (or avoid reputational costs), and this gives people an incentive to help. Such findings can be applied to promote many kinds of helping and cooperation, including charitable donations, tax compliance, sustainable and pro-environmental behaviors, risky heroism, and more. Despite the potential advantages of using reputation to promote positive behaviors, there are several risks and limits. Under some circumstances, opportunities for reputation will be ineffective or promote harmful behaviors. By better understanding the dynamics of reputation and the circumstances under which cooperation can evolve, we can better design social systems to increase the rate of cooperation and reduce conflict.

The Biological and Evolutionary Logic of Human Cooperation

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence C. Burnham ◽  
Dominic D. P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Reciprocal Altruism ◽  
Alternative Solution ◽  
Individual Selection ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Costly Punishment

AbstractHuman cooperation is held to be an evolutionary puzzle because people voluntarily engage in costly cooperation, and costly punishment of non-cooperators, even among anonymous strangers they will never meet again. The costs of such cooperation cannot be recovered through kin-selection, reciprocal altruism, indirect reciprocity, or costly signaling. A number of recent authors label this behavior ‘strong reciprocity’, and argue that it is: (a) a newly documented aspect of human nature, (b) adaptive, and (c) evolved by group selection. We argue exactly the opposite; that the phenomenon is: (a) not new, (b) maladaptive, and (c) evolved by individual selection. In our perspective, the apparent puzzle disappears to reveal a biological and evolutionary logic to human cooperation. Group selection may play a role in theory, but it is neither necessary nor sufficient to explain human cooperation. Our alternative solution is simpler, makes fewer assumptions, and is more parsimonious with the empirical data.

scholarly journals Perceived crowding and physical distance rules: a national account perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-341
Author(s):  
Andrea Karim El Meligi ◽  
◽  
Donatella Carboni ◽  
Giorgio Garau
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
National Account ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Macroeconomic Analysis ◽  
Employment Impact ◽  
The Social ◽  
Using Data

<abstract><p>Policies concerning the sustainable tourism are fundamentally addressed to the environmental protection and to minimize the anthropogenic impact when exploiting beaches, archeological sites and other tourist attractions. In this paper, we propose a subjective measure, namely the Perceived factor, in order to take into account the more general dimension of the social factor in the assessment of the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) measures. The analysis evaluates the employment impact of the perceived crowding by using data resulting from a survey conducted in the Asinara National Park. In this respect, a macroeconomic analysis is presented by using a SAM scheme developed at a local level, based on four municipalities representing a potential gravitational area of tourists visiting the Asinara National Park. Afterward, a SAM-based model combined with the sustainability measures is proposed to compute the employment loss due to the Perceived factor.</p></abstract>

scholarly journals Resource-Driven Encounters and the Induction of Disease Among Consumers

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca K. Borchering ◽  
Steve E. Bellan ◽  
Jason M. Flynn ◽  
Juliet R.C. Pulliam ◽  
Scott A. McKinley
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Encounter Rate ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Spatially Explicit Model ◽  
Consumer Population ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractSubmitted Manuscript 2016. Territorial animals share a variety of common resources, which can be a major driver of conspecific encounter rates. We examine how changes in resource availability influence the rate of encounters among individuals in a consumer population by implementing a spatially explicit model for resource visitation behavior by consumers. Using data from 2009 and 2010 in Etosha National Park, we verify our model's prediction that there is a saturation effect in the expected number of jackals that visit a given carcass site as carcasses become abundant. However, this does not directly imply that the overall resource-driven encounter rate among jackals decreases. This is because the increase in available carcasses is accompanied by an increase in the number of jackals that detect and potentially visit carcasses. Using simulations and mathematical analysis of our consumer-resource interaction model, we characterize key features of the relationship between resource-driven encounter rate and model parameters. These results are used to investigate a standing hypothesis that the outbreak of a fatal disease among zebras can potentially lead to an outbreak of an entirely different disease in the jackal population, a process we refer to as indirect induction of disease.

Mijn partner is (g)een vreemde vogel : Endogamie en relatieontbinding in België

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Layla Van den Berg ◽  
Dimitri Mortelmans
Keyword(s):  
Partner Choice ◽  
Event History ◽  
Relationship Dissolution ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Premarital Cohabitation ◽  
Relationship Type ◽  
Relationship Types ◽  
Cohabiting Couples ◽  
Sociale Zekerheid

Voorgaand onderzoek naar de rol van partnerkeuze in relatieontbinding toont aan dat partners die afkomstig zijn uit verschillende herkomstgroepen doorgaans een hogere kans hebben om uit elkaar te gaan. Deze onderzoeken focussen zich echter voornamelijk op huwelijken en het blijft daarom onduidelijk of dezelfde dynamieken zich ook aftekenen binnen ongehuwd samenwonende koppels en wat de rol is van voorhuwelijks samenwonen. Dit artikel bestudeert de samenhang tussen partnerkeuze en relatieontbinding voor een steekproef van koppels die voor de eerste keer huwden of ongehuwd gingen samenwonen tussen 1999 en 2001. De data zijn afkomstig uit de Belgische Kruispuntbank voor Sociale Zekerheid en geven informatie over de ontbindingskansen van gehuwd en ongehuwd samenwonende koppels met minstens één partner van Belgische, Zuid‐Europese, Turkse, Marokkaanse, Congolese, Burundese of Rwandese afkomst. Aan de hand van survival analyse en multivariate event history modellen gaat dit onderzoek na of ontbindingskansen verschillen tussen endogame en gemengde koppels en of deze dynamieken gelijkaardig zijn over de verschillende relatietypes heen. De resultaten geven aan dat endogame koppels de laagste ontbindingskansen hebben als het gaat om een huwelijk zonder substantiële periode van voorhuwelijks samenwonen. Voor koppels die ongehuwd samenwonen of huwden na een periode van ongehuwd samenwonen zien we dit patroon echter niet terugkomen en zijn verschillen naar partnerkeuze beperkter of zijn het net de gemengde koppels die lagere ontbindingskansen hebben. Na controle voor relevante achtergrondkenmerken blijkt vooral voor gemengde koppels de kans op relatieontbinding sterk te verschillen naar relatietype. Abstract :  Previous studies on the role of partner choice in relationship dissolution have shown that partners who come from different ethnic groups usually have a higher chance of separating. However, these studies focus on marriages and it therefore remains unclear whether the same dynamics can be seen in unmarried cohabiting couples or what the exact role of this period of premarital cohabitation is. This article examines the relationship between partner choice and relationship dissolution in a sample of couples who married for the first time or started living together without being married between 1999 and 2001. The data comes from the Belgian Crossroads Bank of Social Security and give information on union dissolution among married and unmarried cohabiting couples with at least one partner of Belgian, Southern European, Turkish, Moroccan, Congolese, Burundian or Rwandan descent. Based on survival analysis and multivariate event history models, this study examines whether dissolution chances differ between endogamous and mixed couples and whether or not these dynamics are different across relationship types. The results indicated that endogamous couples have the lowest chance of dissolution when it comes to marriages without a substantial period of premarital cohabitation. For couples who were unmarried cohabiting or married after a period of unmarried cohabitation, we did not find this pattern and differences in partner choice are more limited or we observe the mixed couples to have elevated dissolution chances. After checking for relevant background characteristics it turns out that especially for mixed couples, the chance of relationship dissolution appears to differ strongly according to relationship type.

Pediatric Equestrian Injuries

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1173-1176
Author(s):  
Doris M. Bixby-Hammett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
National Park ◽  
National Park Service ◽  
Injury Surveillance System ◽  
Common Area ◽  
Park Service ◽  
System Data ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Service Data

Using data from four sources, horse-related injuries are summarized for persons younger than 25 years of age. Head injury caused 57% of deaths. The upper extremity was the most common area injured, with the next most frequent areas the lower extremity (National Park Service data) and the head (United States Pony Clubs [USPC] data). Injured females outnumbered injured males and had a greater percentage of participants injured (USPC data). Injuries occurred at home in 41% (National Electronic Injury Surveillance System data). USPC figures suggest that greater knowledge may reduce the severity of horse-related injuries. Previous horse-related injury had occurred in 1 of 4 of those injured (USPC data). One third of accidents occurred during lessons (USPC data). Riding instructors should be certified by a recognized organization, and parents should evaluate an instructor's personal riding and their safety records with students. The pediatrician's role should be in counseling parents with children who ride and in offering recommendations for safety to governing boards of youth horse activities.

Dominance among male chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania: A preliminary study

Primates ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshige Hayaki ◽  
Michael A. Huffman ◽  
Toshisada Nishida
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Mahale Mountains ◽  
Mahale Mountains National Park ◽  
Preliminary Study

Tolerated reciprocity, reciprocal scrounging, and unrelated kin: Making sense of multiple models

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gurven
Keyword(s):  
Kin Selection ◽  
Reciprocal Altruism ◽  
Multiple Models ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Rigorous Testing

Four models commonly employed in sharing analyses (reciprocal altruism [RA], tolerated scrounging [TS], costly signaling [CS], and kin selection [KS]) have common features which render rigorous testing of unique predictions difficult. Relaxed versions of these models are discussed in an attempt to understand how the underlying principles of delayed returns, avoiding costs, building reputation, and aiding biological kin interact in systems of sharing. Special attention is given to the interpretation of contingency measures that critically define some form of reciprocal altruism.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document