The morphology and genesis of pseudogley phenomena in a Pleistocene loamy sand in the Netherlands.

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
M.F. Van Oosten ◽  
S. Slager ◽  
A.G. Jongmans
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Soil Forming Processes

[183.64:141.791]In a loamy sand profile with deep watertable, developed in Pleistocene deposits and showing mottling patterns and fine-textured bands and tongues, four soil-forming processes were recognizable: illuviation of fine clay and iron oxides, biological activity, pseudogleying, and breakdown of the clay fraction at the upper side of the illuviation horizon. The genesis of this soil can be explained by assuming that soil formation started where frost wedges occurred in the profile during the late Pleistocene and proceeded further at these points than in other parts of the soil. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Fossil and recent soil formation in Late Pleistocene sand deposits in the eastern part of the Netherlands.

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
S. Slager ◽  
A.G. Jongmans ◽  
L.J. Pons
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Aeolian Deposits ◽  
Soil Forming Processes

Along the Slinge Brook near Winterswijk, a profile was investigated which is assumed to consist of two aeolian deposits: Old Coversand I at the bottom and Old Coversand II at the top, between which a fluvioglacial deposit occurs, the Beuningen Complex. The profile, which now is well-drained, was poorly drained from the beginning of the Holocene up to some centuries ago. The following soil forming processes were recognized micromorphologically: decarbonation, biological activity, clay illuviation, decomposition of illuviated clay and one or two cycles of gleying. It was concluded that: (1) during the deposition of the Beuningen Complex a hydromorphic cycle may have occurred in this profile; (2) between the beginning of the Bolling interstadial and the rise of the watertable at the beginning of the Holocene, biological activity and clay illuviation occurred and possibly some decarbonation; (3) between the beginning of the Holocene and recent times a hydromorphic cycle (possibly the second) took place; (4) finally in recent times biological activity and decarbonation occur. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Late Pleistocene Climate and Dust Source From the Mobarakabad Loess–Paleosol Sequence, Northern Foothills of the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Ghafarpour ◽  
Farhad Khormali ◽  
Xianqiang Meng ◽  
Hossein Tazikeh ◽  
Thomas Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Pleistocene Climate ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Kopet Dagh

Paleoclimatic investigation of loess-paleosol sequences from northern Iran is important for understanding past changes in a region highly sensitive to shifts in precipitation, and along potential routes of past human migration. Here, we present carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of bulk carbonate (δ13Cbc and δ18Obc, respectively) coupled with particle size distributions of samples from the Mobarakabad section, northern Iran, to study past wind dynamics and hydroclimate. We also present new initial clay-sized Hf-Nd isotope results from key horizons in order to assess general dust sources. Variations of δ13Cbc and δ18Obc values of modern soils compared to paleosols allow reconstruction of late Pleistocene–Holocene climate change in the area. Our results show severe drought during a major eolian deposition phase (EDP) after 34 ka. The thickness and PSD of the C horizon of unit 5 suggest significant shifts in loess sources and depositional environments during this EDP after 34 ka. Indeed, based on our new clay-sized Hf-Nd data, we hypothesize that the loess unit 5 might originate from the young crustal source of the Alborz and Kopet Dagh mountains. In general, the PSD of C horizons in the section is bimodal in the silt fraction and the very small, very fine clay fraction, with a mode at c. 1 μm in the modern soil and paleosols possibly produced by weathering and pedogenic processes. There also appears to be a good correlation between δ13Cbc and δ18Obc values, differentiating phases of loess accumulation and paleosol formation and hence providing quantitative data for reconstructing paleoclimatic conditions in the study area.

scholarly journals Soil Formation, Subaerial Sedimentation Processes and Ancient Cultures during MIS 2 and the Deglaciation Phase MIS 1 in the Baikal–Yenisei Siberia (Russia)

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Galina Vorobieva ◽  
Nadezhda Vashukevich ◽  
Natalia Berdnikova ◽  
Ivan Berdnikov ◽  
Dmitry Zolotarev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Formation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Initial Profile ◽  
Formation Type ◽  
Cultural Layers ◽  
Human Habitation ◽  
Soil Forming Processes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sedimentation Processes ◽  
Humus Horizons

The time of Sartan glaciation in the Baikal–Yenisei Siberia, is comparable with that of MIS 2 and the deglaciation phase MIS 1. Loess loams, aeolian–colluvial sands and sandy loams represent subaerial sediments. There are four subhorizons (sr1, sr2, sr3 and sr4) in the Sartan horizon (sr). Sedimentary and soil-forming processes at different stratigraphic levels are considered. Differing soil formation types of cold periods are distinguished. Soils of the interstadial type with the A-C profile are represented only in the Early Sartan section of this paper. The soils of the pleniglacial type are discussed throughout the section. Their initial profile is O-C, TJ-C and W-C. Plant detritus remnants or poor thin humus horizons are preserved in places from the upper horizons. We propose for the first time for the interphasial soil formation type of cold stages to be distinguished. This is represented in the sections by the preserved BCm, BCg, Cm and Cg horizons of 15–20 cm thick. The upper horizons are absent in most sections. According to the surviving fragments, these were organogenous (O, TJ and T) and organomineral (AO and W) horizons. The sedimentation and soil formation features are considered from the perspective reconstruction of the Sartan natural and climatic conditions. Buried Sartan soils often contain cultural layers. Soil formation shows a well-defined periodicity of natural condition stabilization, which allowed ancient populations to adapt actively to various situations. Archaeologists’ interest in fossil soils is based on the ability of soils to “record” information about the natural and climatic conditions of human habitation.

CLAY ILLUVIATION IN SOME ORTHIC PODZOLS OF EASTERN CANADA

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Brydon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Granular Structure ◽  
Charge Component ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Free Iron ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Ph Dependent

The Arago, Barney, and Holmesville soils, Podzols from Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, respectively, each had friable Bfh horizons with moderate granular structure, and with organic matter and free Fe2O3 contents greater than the Ae and C horizons. The Arago and Holmesville had thin Bhft horizons containing over 10% organic matter and 5% free iron oxides. The C horizons of these two soils had some features characteristic of fragipans.The B horizons of the three soils had a high "pH-dependent charge component" in the C.E.C. values. The "permanent charge component" was similar throughout the Arago profile except for the Bhft horizon where clay accumulation had occurred.Translocation of clay from the Ae to the upper B horizons was indicated by the twofold increase in clay content and the relative enrichment of fine clay in the B horizons. Removal of free iron affected the clay contents differently in the different: horizons but the maximum clay content in the upper B horizons remained. The definitions of Orthic Podzols, Textural Podzols, and t horizons should be re-examined.

scholarly journals Chemical and mineralogical composition of clay fraction found in Podillia upland haplic chernozems

2017 ◽  
pp. 278-292
Author(s):  
Igor Papish ◽  
Oleksii Telehuz
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Potassium Feldspar ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Haplic Chernozems ◽  
Typical Chernozems ◽  
Chemical And Mineralogical Composition

The article presents data on gross chemical and mineralogical composition of clay faction found in typical chernozems occurred within the Podillia Upland. Geographical regularities of formation as regards clayey profile of Chernozems pertaining to the same genetic series are revealed. The relationship between conditions and Chernozem development stage, character of vertical differentiation of basic mineral phases of clayey plasma and its chemical and mineralogical composition are shown. Izoclayey profile of hydromicas is the consequence of their relative accumulation as a result eluviation of colloid-dispersible mica-smectite minerals. The character of clay profile observed in Chernozems is determined by the correlation of intensity of carbonates leaching, lessivage and soils argillisation. Typical Podolian Chernozems are characterised with the like weathering crust of silicate type. The modern Chernozem clayey profile originated mainly during a wetter stage of soil formation. In the ploughable layer a high content of clastic minerals (quartz, potassium feldspar, sodium plagioclase) is observed. Random mixed and stratified mica-smectite minerals with a high content (>50 %) of smectite packets (33–63 %), hydromica (33–52 %), and kaolinite plus chlorite (4–15 %) are present in the profile. The mineralogical composition of soils clay fraction indicates obvious signs of smectite eluviation and relative illite accumulation. Clayey profile of the Bug upstream plateau located within the Podillia Upland is atypical for Chernozems found in the eastern forest-steppe and steppe areas. The distribution character of layered silicates, especially smectite, is even more contrastive. Clayey plasma redistributes differentially through leaching and lessivage processes. Accumulative type of sludge deposits formed in Chernozems of the Dniester plateau located within the Podillia Upland, even profile distribution of basic oxides and molar ratios of SiO2 : Al2O3 and SiO2 : Fe2O3 against the background of decreased downward smectite content indicate weakened eluviation of fine-grained clays towards the Dniester. The prevalence of smectite over hydromicas within the entire profile indicates argillisation of Chernozems. Key words: Chernozem, chemical-mineralogical composition, clayey minerals, hydromica, smectite, kaolinite, leaching, lessivage, argillisation.

Conceptual Approaches to Pedogenesis

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vance T. Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Site Formation ◽  
Biogeochemical Processes ◽  
Pedogenic Process ◽  
Soil Geomorphology ◽  
Multiple Process ◽  
The Many ◽  
Soil Forming Processes ◽  
State Factor

To fully appreciate and apply pedologic principals in archaeology, some of the theoretical underpinnings of pedology and especially soil geomorphology must be outlined. Pedologists and soil geomorphologists have attempted to describe, if not model, the processes of soil formation, the factors that drive the processes, and the evolution of soils as landscapes evolve (summarized by Smeck et al., 1983; Johnson and Watson-Stegner, 1987; and Gerrard, 1992, pp. 1–50, 217–220). The task is a difficult one, however, because of the complex and variable sets of processes responsible for soil development. Several of the resulting approaches have proven useful for conceptualizing pedogenesis and, more important, for interpreting soils. In addition to understanding soil-forming processes for interpreting soil profiles, understanding soil formation is important for understanding site formation. The conceptual approaches particularly useful in soil geomorphic and geoarchaeological research are summarized below. Soil-forming processes as components of site formation are discussed more fully in chapter 10. The following discussions of conceptual approaches to pedogenesis are roughly arranged in order of increasing complexity. The “multiple-process model” is essentially a categorization of soil-forming processes. It does not explain pedogenesis but is a useful way to sort and group the many soil-forming processes. The “state factor” approach and the “K-cycle” concept do not deal directly with soil formation, but instead focus on important external factors and processes that drive or affect pedogenesis such as climate and geomorphic evolution. The “soil evolution” model and the “new global view of soils” attempt to integrate pedogenic process with landscape evolution, climate, and other factors. This section closes with discussion of two important aspects of pedogenesis and pedogenic pathways that offer caveats in the use of soils for reconstructing the past. Soils are the result of biogeochemical processes determined and driven by the ecosystem (following Buol et al., 1997). This relationship is more simply described as “internal soil-forming processes” driven by “external soil-forming factors” (fig. 3.1; after Buol et al., 1984). A useful approach to categorizing the many and varied internal soil-forming processes responsible for pedogenesis is the multiple-process model of Simonson (1959, 1978).

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Authigenic Clay Minerals in Alkaline-Saline Lakes, Pantanal Wetland (Nhecolândia Region, Brazil)

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 718
Author(s):  
Isis Armstrong Dias ◽  
Leonardo Fadel Cury ◽  
Bruno Guimarães Titon ◽  
Gustavo Barbosa Athayde ◽  
Guilherme Fedalto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Saline Lakes ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Pantanal Wetland

Mg clay minerals are usually associated with carbonates in alkaline-saline environments, precipitated from solution and/or transformation from other minerals. The aim of this research is to identify the mineralogy and geochemistry of clay minerals in different alkaline lakes in the Nhecolândia region, the southernmost region of the Pantanal wetland (Brazil). Sediment samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Water samples were analyzed, determining their main cations and anions, in order to understand their relationship with the clays. The analyses allowed classifying the water bodies as saline, oligosaline and freshwater lakes. The sediments are composed mainly of quartz and a fine-clay fraction, dominated by illite, kaolinite and smectite. The XRD results showed illite and smectite mixed-layered in the saline lakes at Barranco Alto farm, whereas at Nhumirim farm, trioctahedral smectite was only observed in one lake. The smectite minerals were normally identified coupled with calcite at the top of the sequences, associated with exopolymeric substances (EPS) in the lakes, suggesting that these minerals are precipitating due to the physical-chemical and biological conditions of the water bodies.

scholarly journals The role of a proto-Schelde River in the genesis of the southwestern Netherlands, inferred from the Quaternary successions and fossils in Moriaanshoofd Borehole (Zeeland, the Netherlands)

2013 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Slupik ◽  
F.P. Wesselingh ◽  
D.F. Mayhew ◽  
A.C. Janse ◽  
F.E. Dieleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Fossil Material ◽  
Mammal Faunas

AbstractWe investigated the Quaternary lithological succession and faunas in a borehole near Moriaanshoofd (Province of Zeeland, SW Netherlands), in order to improve our understanding of the depositional context of classical Gelasian mammal faunas from the region. The fossils mostly derive from the base of a fossil-rich interval between 31 m and 36.5 m below the surface, that was initially interpreted as a Middle or Late Pleistocene interglacial marine unit, but turned out to be a Late Quaternary fluvial unit with large amounts of reworked fossils and sediments. Eocene mollusc taxa pinpoint Flanders (Belgium) as the source region for this river. Within the base of this paleo-Schelde River fossil material of various stratigraphic provenance became incorporated.

Comparison of soil texture determined by two dispersion units of Mastersizer 2000

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sochan ◽  
A. Bieganowski ◽  
M. Ryżak ◽  
R. Dobrowolski ◽  
P. Bartmiński
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Laser Diffraction ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Fine Clay

Comparison of soil texture determined by two dispersion units of Mastersizer 2000The comparison of particle size distributions measured by sedimentation methods and laser diffraction shows the underestimation of the fine (clay) fraction. This is attributed mainly to the shape of clay particles being different than spherical. The objective of this study was to demonstrate differences in the results of particle size distributions of soils determined with the method of laser diffraction using two different dispersion units of the Malvern Mastersizer 2000.

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