scholarly journals Nitrate poisoning in cattle. 2. Changes in nitrite in rumen fluid and methemoglobin formation in blood after high nitrate intake.

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kemp ◽  
J.H. Geurink ◽  
R.T. Haalstra ◽  
A. Malestein
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Sampling Device ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Frequent Sampling ◽  
Micro Organisms

2. Three experiments with mature dry Friesian cows lasted for up to 16 days. Nitrate was given as nitrate-rich hay or mixed with concentrates to supply from 2.4 to 16.0 g/100 kg liveweight at each meal. To test the hypothesis that methaemoglobin was formed as the result of the production of nitrite as an intermediate in the rumen, one group was given a daily supplement of KNO2, 2 to 3 g/100 kg liveweight. Blood was sampled at frequent intervals, and ruminal fluid was sampled every 15 min for short periods from cows with a recirculating sampling device. Large intakes of nitrate in either form increased nitrite in the rumen, leading to increase of methaemoglobin in the blood during the first few days, after which the high value was maintained. The high methaemoglobin value was positively correlated with the larger nitrite content in the rumen. Results are discussed in the light of conflicting reports on the tolerance of cattle to large amounts of nitrate and the importance of frequent sampling to obtain a true picture is stressed. Previous inferences regarding the ability of cattle to tolerate nitrate at up to 90 g/100 kg are considered to be mistaken. ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: In two experiments groups of 4 cows (415-669 kg body weight) received similar daily amounts of NO3- as either a single oral dose of KNO3 (15 g/100 kg) or a single feed of nitrate rich hay (12.4-15.4 g NO3-/100 kg) for 18 days. In a third experiment 6 cows received 2 or 3 g/100 kg of NO3- as a single oral dose of KNO2 for 6 days. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonia were measured in rumen sample and haemoglobin and methaemoglobin were measured in blood. The daily supply of equal doses of nitrate to cows, as hay with a high nitrate content or as potassium nitrate, induced higher nitrite contents in the rumen fluid and a higher percentage of methaemoglobin in the blood during the first days, after which they remained on this higher level. These increases were probably due to a change in the activity of the reducing micro-organisms in the rumen. The changes also partly explain the controversial data in the literature on the acceptable dosages of nitrate to be supplied to ruminants. This may have led to the mis-interpretation that ruminants should tolerate daily intakes up to 90 g of NO3- per 100 g body weight. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Toxic effect and oral acute LD50 study of Nerium oleander in male guineapigs

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
MGA Chowdhury ◽  
A Azizunnesa ◽  
MA Hossain ◽  
ML Rahman ◽  
Q Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Group A

The toxic effect of Nerium oleander was studied in 36 male adult guineapigs during the period from July to December 1994. These 36 animals were divided into six equal groups (A to F), each consisting of six animals. Each animal of groups B to F was administered with a single oral dose of crude watery extract of sheath oleander @ 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 mg / kg body weight, respectively whereas animals of group A served as control. Each of the experimental animals was carefully observed and the toxic signs recorded as nausea, anorexia, dullness, depression, restlessness, abdominal pain, salivation, reluctant to move, tremor, resting of chin on the ground, respiratory distress, paralysis of the limbs, recumbency, convulsion followed by death with characteristic groaning. It may be concluded that the lowest dose 300 mg / kg body weight is non lethal to the male guineapigs and the dose of 450, 600, 750 and 900 mg / kg body weight caused 17%, 50%, 83% and 100% mortality, respectively and the LD50 is 540 mg / kg body weight.Key words: Nerium oleander; toxic signs; oral acute LD50; guineapigsdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2562Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 159-161

scholarly journals Evaluation of Nialamide on the Coagulation of Blood

Blood ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHAPOUR MASCHOUF ◽  
ROGER W. ROBINSON ◽  
RAOUL J. LEBEAU
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Fine Glass ◽  
Prothrombin Activation

Abstract Nialamide at a single oral dose of about 3 mg./Kg. body weight produced decreased prothrombin activation by rendering the platelets less effective. It also decreased the adhesiveness of the platelets as measured by two different technics. A new technic for measuring the adhesiveness of the platelets has been described. It utilized a principle by which venous blood directly circulated through a column of fine glass beads, after which the platelets were reduced in number.

scholarly journals Effects of ibogaine per os application on redox homeostasis in rat liver and erythrocytes

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Teodora Vidonja-Uzelac ◽  
Nikola Tatalovic ◽  
Milica Mijovic ◽  
Gordana Kozelj ◽  
Aleksandra Nikolic-Kokic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Species Production

Ibogaine, administered as a single oral dose (1-25 mg/kg body weight), has been used as an addiction-interrupting agent. Its effects persist for up to 72 h. Ex vivo results showed that ibogaine induced cellular energy consumption and restitution, followed by increased reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the aim of this work was to explore the effect of a single oral dose of ibogaine (1 or 20 mg/kg body weight) on antioxidative defenses in rat liver and erythrocytes. Six and 24 h after ibogaine administration, histological examination showed glycogenolytic activity in hepatocytes, which was highest after 24 h in animals that received 20 mg/kg ibogaine. There were no changes in the activities of superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase in the liver and erythrocytes after ibogaine treatment, regardless of the dose. Hepatic xanthine oxidase activity was elevated in rats that received 20 mg/kg compared to the controls (p<0.01), suggesting faster adenosine turnover. TBARS concentration was elevated in the group treated with 1 mg/kg after 24 h compared to the controls (p<0.01), suggesting mild oxidative stress. Our results show that ibogaine treatment influenced hepatic redox homeostasis, but not sufficiently to remodel antioxidant enzyme activities at 6 and 24 h post-ibogaine application.

Chloroquine Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Albino Mice: RCT

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3070-3071
Author(s):  
Sumbal Khalid ◽  
Hamid Javaid Qureshi ◽  
Talha Laique
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trial Methodology ◽  
Clinical Trial Methodology ◽  
Group A ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Group B

Many drugs have been found to induce hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure. Chloroquine is one of those drugs, which can induce hepatotoxicity when it is given at higher dose Purpose: To find the effect of chloroquine on liver function tests (LFTs) Study Design: Randomized clinical trial Methodology: Sixty male albino mice were taken into this randomized controlled study. Those were divided into two groups of 30 each. Group A was the control group while group B mice were given single oral dose of 970 mg/kg of body weight of chloroquine on 9th day of experiment. Terminal intracardiac blood sample was obtained on 17th day of experiment Statistical analysis: SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis Results: When results of group B were compared with those of group A, they depicted highly significant (p=0.000) rise in serum ALP. Serum albumin decreased significantly (p= 0.007). Serum AST increased significantly (p=0.005). Serum ALT, however, did not rise significantly (p=0.285) in group B. Similarly, serum total proteins did not decrease significantly ( p=0.530) in group B Conclusion: It was concluded that chloroquine induced mild hepatotoxicity in male albino mice when a single oral dose of 970 mg/kg of body weight of it is given Key Words: Chloroquine, Hepatotoxicity and Alkaline Phosphatase.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF SUBCLINICAL GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITOSIS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MILK PRODUCTION WITH THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IN RED CHITTAGONG CATTLE

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
MA Samad
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Therapeutic Management ◽  
Copper Sulfate Solution ◽  
Intestinal Parasitosis

The prevalence of sub-clinical gastro-intestinal parasitosis and their effects on health and milk production with therapeutic management were studied in 87 Red Chittagong cattle (RCC) reared at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm (BAUDF), Mymensingh during the period from March to July 2008. Of the 87 RCC aged between 1 to 96 months which included 22 milch cows, 15 pregnant cows, 8 dry cows, 18 weaned calves and 24 unweaned calves. Parasitological examination of faecal samples of all the selected 87 RCC showed that 51.72% (n = 45) animals affected with different types of gastro-intestinal parasites, of which 37.93% had single, 12.64% had dual and only 1.15% animals had triple types of infection. An overall 34.48% paramphistomiasis, 25.29% balantidiasis, 2.30% toxocariasis, 2.30% strongyloidiasis, 1.15% trichuriasis and 1.15% fascioliasis was recorded in RCC. However, toxocariasis (18.75%), strongyloidiasis (18.75%) and trichuriasis (6.25%) were recorded in calves up to 6 months old, and paramphistomiasis (34.48%) and fascioliasis (1.15%) in cattle more than 6 months of age whereas balantidiasis (25.29%) was recorded in all age groups of cattle. The anthelmintic efficacy of the combined commercial preparations with Tetramisole hydrochloride 2.0g and Oxyclozanide 1.4g per bolus (Levanid®, Acme ; Tetranid®, Techno Drugs) @ 1 bolus / 100 kg body weight with a single oral dose caused 100% reduction of faecal egg count at day 7 post-treatment. A single oral dose of 1% copper sulfate solution @ 10 ml / kg and metranidazole (Flagyl®, Aventis) @ 4 mg /kg body weight resulted 100% and 42.85% reduction of Balantidium coli trophozoites, respectively. The average milk production records of RCC affected with gastro-intestinal parasitosis (1.41litre / day / animal) were compared with the mean milk production records at day 7 post-anthelmintic treatment (1.73 liter / day / animal) and results showed an average increased milk yield +0.32 litre / day / animal. This study indicates that RCC affected with sub-clinical gastro-intestinal parasitosis caused ill-health and decrease milk yield like zebu and cross-bred cattle. It may be concluded from this study that the RCC should be regularly monitored through faecal examination for the presence of gastro-intestinal parasites in order to provide rational treatment and control management to make the RCC farming profitable. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.7395 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 11-16

scholarly journals Acute and 28-days subacute toxicity studies of Gαq-RGS2 signaling inhibitor

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayesh V. Beladiya ◽  
Anita A. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Synthetic Compound ◽  
Single Oral Administration

Abstract Background The aim of study was to evaluate the single oral dose and 28 day repeated oral administration toxicity profile of the synthetic compound Gαq-RGS2 signaling inhibitor, (1-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1 H-1,2,4-triazol-5(4 H)-one) as per OECD guideline 425 (2008a) and 407 (2008b), respectively. Results In acute toxicity study, a single oral dose administration of Gαq-RGS2 signaling inhibitor did not show any mortality at doses of 5, 50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg within 24 h and 14 days. The treatment of Gαq-RGS2 signaling inhibitor at dose 10 and 100 mg/kg for 28 days did not show any mortality, significant changes in the increase of body weight, various organ damage markers, hematological parameters, relative organ/body weight ratio and microscopic anatomical texture of essential organs as compared to vehicle and normal control. Conclusions A single oral administration of Gαq-RGS2 signaling inhibitor up to dose of 2000 mg/kg in mice and repeated administration of Gαq-RGS2 signaling inhibitor at higher dose 100 mg/kg for 28 days in the rats is safe.

Trematodiasis in Turkey: comparative efficacy of triclabendazole and niclofolan against natural infections of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Güralp ◽  
R. Tinar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Dicrocoelium Dendriticum ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Highly Effective

AbstractA new fasciolicide, triclabendazole, tested at single oral dose rates of 5 and lOmg/kg body-weight, proved to be highly effective (>99%) against chronic field infections of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in sheep. The Performance of the new drug compared favourably with niclofolan at the recommended dose. Neither product was effective against Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Paramphistomum spp.

scholarly journals Effects of Oral N-Acetylcysteine on the Haemato-Biochemical and Histopathological Changes on the Liver of Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ervilla Dass
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Group I ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Alternate Substrate ◽  
Animal House

Introduction: N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a direct precursor in the synthesis of intracellular Glutathione (GSH). NAC protects the liver by restoring the GSH levels or by acting as an alternate substrate for conjugation and hence, detoxification of the reactive metabolite of hepatotoxic drug. Aim: To evaluate the effects of oral NAC on the haemato-biochemical and histopathological changes on the liver of albino rats. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in animal house located at Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia. The healthy albino rats of either sex weighing 150-400 gm body weight were grouped into two for the experimental study and were housed in animal house for duration of 24 hours. Before initiation of any procedures; after overnight fasting; the albino rats belonging to Group I Control Group (n=6) were administered distilled water 10 mL/kg orally; Group II NAC treated (n=6) were administered NAC 450 mg/kg as a single oral dose. Blood samples were collected after 24 hours of treatment, to evaluate the effect of NAC on the haemato-biochemical and histopathological changes on the liver. All results were expressed as Mean±SEM. Results: NAC as a single oral dose of 450 mg/kg does not caused statistically significant changes in the serum enzymes levels. Moreover, histopathology showed normal appearance of the liver was similar to that of the control treated rats, with no change in the texture and liver tissue showed normal morphology. Conclusion: NAC as a single oral dose of 450 mg/kg body weight has no toxic effect on the liver in albino rats.

Selenium Toxicity in Animals with Emphasis on Man

1986 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.E. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Early History ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
History Of ◽  
Safe Dose

This review was undertaken to establish what might be the maximum safe dose of selenium that could be administered to man in studies on the use of the element in cancer prevention. The early history of selenium poisoning is briefly summarized. The literature on clinical signs and toxicity data for acute and for chronic selenosis in farm and experimental animals is discussed. Several cases of acute selenosis in man are reviewed, and a number of reports on chronic selenosis in man are reviewed and evaluated. Based on these, the maximum safe single oral dose of selenite, selenate, DL-selenocysteine, or DL-selenomethionine is suggested as 0.05 mg Se/kg body weight (milligrams of selenium per kilogram of body weight). The maximum safe multiple oral dose is suggested as 5 μg Se/kg body weight.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Artemisone Combinations in Aotus Monkeys Infected with Plasmodium falciparum

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 3592-3594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicanor Obaldia ◽  
Barbara M. Kotecka ◽  
Michael D. Edstein ◽  
Richard K. Haynes ◽  
Burkhard Fugmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose

ABSTRACT Artemisone (single oral dose, 10 mg/kg of body weight) cured nonimmune Aotus monkeys of their Plasmodium falciparum infections when combined with mefloquine (single oral dose, 5 and 10 mg/kg but not 2.5 mg/kg). In combination with amodiaquine (20 mg/kg/day), artemisone (10 mg/kg/day) given orally for 3 days cured all infected monkeys. Three days of treatment with artemisone (30 mg/kg/day) and clindamycin (100 mg/kg/day) was also curative.

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