scholarly journals Variation in the root mass of ryegrass types and its ecological consequences.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
G.C. Ennik ◽  
T.B. Hofman
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Shoot:Root Ratio ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Defoliation Frequency

The shoot:root ratio of Italian ryegrass and perennial ryegrass cv. in the vegetative phase was constant under constant conditions. With intermittent N supply, root mass and shoot:root ratio of ryegrass in monoculture varied widely. Both relatively and absolutely, root mass was larger than with constant N supply. Short periods of low N were sufficient for a marked increase in root growth. Under constant environmental conditions root mass was closely related to defoliation frequency. Considerable genetic variation in root mass existed between perennial ryegrass clones. Differences were largest under conditions of max. root growth. Root mass was positively related to competitive ability. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals The effect of root mass of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) on the competitive ability with respect ot couchgrass (Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv.).

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-283
Author(s):  
T.B. Hofman ◽  
G.C. Ennik
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Herbage Yield

When 6 perennial ryegrass cv. were planted in sandy soil in a large tray with couchgrass [Elymus repens], the cv. which developed the greater root system were the most competitive. Perennial ryegrass cv. 39 gave low DM yields in monoculture but was the most competitive with couchgrass. There was an inverse relationship between root mass of perennial ryegrass in monoculture and the herbage yield of couchgrass in the mixture. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Effect of sward age on nitrate accumulation in ryegrass.

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-273
Author(s):  
A. Darwinkel
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Grass Sward

Two indoor trials were done with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to obtain more information about the nitrate-accumulating process of a new-sown grass sward. With an abundant NO3 supply for Italian ryegrass, NO3 accumulation in herbage decreased during 5 successive cuts after sowing, because of increasing NO3 conversion. In the same way the NO3 content in DM in perennial ryegrass was more in the first cut after sowing than in old plants from a pasture 5 years old. After sowing, a considerable part of the assimilate produced was used for stubble and root growth. With older swards these assimilates were increasingly retained in herbage, which is rich in organic N and to a lesser extent in stubble and roots, which are poor in organic N. Because of this, NO3 conversion is restricted in a new-sown grass sward and reaches a maximum in old sward of a permanent pasture, which almost exclusively produces herbage. Consequently nitrate is more apt to accumulate in new-sown grass than in old pasture. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

1998 ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
C.J. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

scholarly journals Forage Potential of Cereal/Legume Intercrops: Agronomic Performances, Yield, Quality Forage and LER in Two Harvesting Times in a Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Monica Bacchi ◽  
Michele Monti ◽  
Antonio Calvi ◽  
Emilio Lo Presti ◽  
Antonio Pellicanò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Green Fodder

The crop yield and quality of seven annual forages (four grasses and three legumes) in sole crop and in mixtures (ratio 50:50) for oat (Avena sativa L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) were evaluated in a two-year field experiment adopting two harvesting times, green fodder and silage. The main bio-agronomic traits, dry matter forage yield (DMY) and quantity of crude protein (CP) were determined in both sole crop and intercrop. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was used for evaluating biological efficiency and competitive ability of the intercrops. Our results showed that the total calculated LER for fodder and protein yields was always greater than one and corresponded to crop yield advantages of 16.0% and 11.5%, respectively. Our data also highlighted the low competitive ability of the ryegrass in intercrop, which achieved the lowest yield among all the mixtures. Conversely, the same grass showed the best green fodder quality, due to the high incidence of the legume, equal (on average) to 46%. Triticale and barley, harvested for silage (hard dough stage), provided the best quantitative and qualitative results both in sole crop and intercropped with common vetch and pea, determined mainly by the cereal grain.

scholarly journals Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Impact on Post-Germination Seedling Growth

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Charles L. Webber III ◽  
Paul M. White Jr ◽  
Dwight L. Myers ◽  
James W. Shrefler ◽  
Merritt J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Green Bean ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Radicle Growth ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Mixed Response ◽  
The Impact

<p>The chemical interaction between plants, which is referred to as allelopathy, may result in the inhibition of plant growth and development. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of kenaf (<em>Hibiscus cannabinus</em> L.) plant extracts on the post-germination growth of five plant species. Four concentrations (0, 16.7, 33.3 and 66.7 g/L) of kenaf bark, core, and leaf extracts were applied to the germinated seeds of redroot pigweed (<em>Amaranthus retroflexus</em> L.), green bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em> L.), tomato (<em>Solanum lycopersicum </em>Mill.), cucumber (<em>Cucumis sativus</em> L.), and Italian ryegrass (<em>Lolium multiflorum</em> Lam.). After 7 days, the developing seedlings were measured to determine the length of their hypocotyls (mm) and radicles (mm), and the number of hair roots. Tomato, Italian ryegrass, and redroot pigweed followed similar negative trends in their responses to the extract source (kenaf bark, core, and leaves) and the impact of extract concentration, whereas, cucumber had a mixed response and green bean reacted positively to the kenaf extracts. Tomato was the most sensitive species tested across all kenaf extracts and concentrations, resulting in decreased hypocotyl, radicle, and root growth. Green bean exhibited no negative effects due to the kenaf extracts, but actually produced increased hypocotyl growth as a result of the kenaf bark, core, and leaf extracts. The kenaf extracts resulted in a mixed response for cucumber. The kenaf leaf and bark extract decreased cucumber radicle growth, whereas, the bark and core extracts increased hypocotyl growth. Italian ryegrass hypocotyl growth decreased across all extract sources (bark, core, and leaf), while the leaf extract also reduced root growth. All kenaf extracts reduced redroot pigweed radicle growth, while the core and leaf extracts reduced hypocotyl growth. The research demonstrated that kenaf leaf extracts were the most allelopathic and the hypocotyls were the most sensitive. Future research should isolate the chemicals responsible for both the negative and positive allelopathic impact on the various plant species, determine if the extracts will influence more mature plants, and pursue cultural practices to utilize these natural allelopathic materials to benefit crop production and limit weed competition.</p>

Characterisation of the WSC fraction of six species of temperate pasture grass

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 247-248
Author(s):  
J. C. Ince ◽  
A. C. Longland ◽  
A. J. Cairns ◽  
M. Moore–Colyer
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Field Plots

The carbohydrate (CHO) fraction of pasture grasses is a major source of energy for many domestic herbivores. However, the amounts, and types, of the water–soluble carbohydrate (WSC) fraction (i.e. glucose, fructose, sucrose, and polymers of sucrose and fructose, the fructans) present in such grasses, varies with species and environmental conditions. As the WSC constitute a highly digestible, energy yielding fraction of grasses, it is important to be able to measure their levels in a sward so that the diets of pastured animals may be designed to elicit optimal health and productivity. The aim of this study was to characterise the WSC profile of six UK pasture grasses, and to develop a technique for extracting the fructan portion of the WSC.Six species of UK pasture grasses [Cocksfoot (C), Timothy (T), Meadow Fescue (M), Italian Ryegrass (IR), Perennial Ryegrass (PR) and Hybrid Ryegrass (HR)] were grown in experimental field plots at IGER.

Foliar vs. Root Sensitivity of Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) to Isoxaben

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Michael E. Miller ◽  
James E. Altland
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Root Growth Inhibition ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Plant Maturity ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Inhibit Root Growth ◽  
Hydroponically Grown

It has been previously reported that POST-applied isoxaben can effectively control established hairy bittercress. Experiments were conducted to determine the relative importance of root vs. foliar entry of POST-applied isoxaben. At a common isoxaben rate of 0.56 kg/ha, foliar-only and foliar plus soil applications provided 10.5 and 23.3% control, respectively, as determined by fresh weight reduction. In contrast, soil-only application provided 47.0% control. Hairy bittercress foliar absorption of14C–isoxaben did not exceed 15% of the amount applied after 72 h. Therefore, the comparatively less effectiveness of foliar-only applications may be attributed primarily to limited absorption. Minimal isoxaben concentration required to inhibit root growth of hydroponically grown hairy bittercress was 0.0025 mg/L. Higher concentrations were required to produce a response in the foliage. Sorption of isoxaben by pine bark rooting substrate, typical of what is used in container nursery production, exceeded 99% of amount applied after 36 h. Even with 99% sorption, the probable concentration within the aqueous phase remains sufficient to inhibit hairy bittercress root growth. Additional studies with14C–isoxaben established that approximately 35% of the root-absorbed isoxaben was translocated into the foliage. Translocation from the roots into the foliage was reduced to 16% when the experiment was repeated during environmental conditions less favorable for vegetative growth (i.e., longer day length and higher temperature). Results indicate that the control of hairy bittercress with POST-applied isoxaben is likely the result of root absorption and root-growth inhibition. Expression of phytotoxicity within the foliage is also a component, but is dependent upon the root-absorbed isoxaben being translocated into the foliage. Extent of this translocation is dependent upon plant maturity and prevalent environmental conditions.

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