Default Options: A Powerful Behavioral Tool to Increase COVID-19 Contact Tracing App Acceptance in Latin America?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Boruchowicz ◽  
Florencia López Bóo ◽  
Benjamin Roseth ◽  
Luis Tejerina
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Opposite Sign ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Default Options ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shed Light

Being able to follow the chain of contagion of COVID-19 is important to help save lives and control the epidemic without sustained costly lockdowns. This is especially relevant in Latin America, where economic contractions have already been the largest in the regions history. Given the high rates of transmission of COVID-19, relying only in manual contact tracing might be infeasible. Acceptability and uptake of contact tracing apps with exposure notifications is key for the implementation the “test, trace and treat” triad. In the first study of its kind in Latin America, we find that for a nationally representative sample of 10 countries, an opt-out regime with automatic installation significantly increases the probability of acceptance of such apps in almost 22 p.p. compared to an opt-in regime with voluntary installation. This triples the size and is of opposite sign of the effect found in Europe and the United States. We see that an opt-out regime is more effective in increasing acceptability in South America compared to Central America and Mexico; for those who claim not to trust the national government; and for those who do not use their smartphones for financial transactions. The severity of the pandemic at the place of residence does not seem to affect the effectiveness of the opt-out regime versus an opt-in one, but feeling personally at risk does increase the willingness to accept contact tracing apps with exposure notifications in general. These results can shed light on the use of default options in public health in the context of a pandemic in Latin America.

scholarly journals Default options: a powerful behavioral tool to increase COVID-19 contact tracing app acceptance in Latin America?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Cynthia Boruchowicz ◽  
Florencia Lopez Boo ◽  
Benjamin Roseth ◽  
Luis Tejerina
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Phone Survey ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Default Options ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Government ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Given the rates of transmission of COVID-19, relying only on manual contact tracing might be infeasible to control the epidemic without sustained costly lockdowns or rapid vaccination efforts. In the first study of its kind in Latin America, we find through a phone survey of a nationally representative sample of ten countries that an opt-out regime (automatic installation) increases self-reported intention to accept a contact tracing app with exposure notification by 22 percentage points compared to an opt-in regime (voluntary installation). This effect is triple the size and of opposite sign of the effect found in Europe and the United States, potentially due to lower concerns regarding privacy and lower levels of interpersonal trust. We see that an opt-out regime is more effective in increasing willingness to accept for those who do not trust the government or do not use their smartphones for financial transactions. The local severity of the pandemic does not affect our results, but feeling personally at risk increases intent to accept such apps in general. These results can shed light on the use of default options not only for contact tracing apps but in public health overall in the context of a pandemic in Latin America.

scholarly journals The civics test: a political or educational tool for creating the perfect citizen? A historical overview of forms and processes of naturalization in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 205-220
Author(s):  
Sarah Van Ruyskensvelde ◽  
Mary Kathryn Ketch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Memory Testing ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
American Citizenship ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shed Light

Naturalization, or the process through which citizenship is granted to a foreigner, is a process that has begun to increasingly look like that of the school. In the United States, as in many other countries, one of the main features of the naturalization is the civics test. This paper aims to document the historical development of naturalization procedures in the United States and shed light on how schoolish tools were introduced to decide who can be offered or denied American citizenship. Much of past research has critiqued the civics test for its unreliability, or difficulty for even natives. We argue, however, that the current civics test is rather a product of a system that began without a solid foundation. In an attempt to avoid fraud and control efficiency, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has promoted the use of a test that devalues the importance of the choice to re-align loyalties to a country and regulates it to memory testing.

The Revolution and Mexican Foreign Policy

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Engel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Revolution

In recent years the foreign policy of Mexico has often been criticized in the United States. The reaction of Mexico to steps taken by the United States in Latin America—in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and elsewhere—has led to statements about Mexican foreign policy that indicate little understanding of Mexican mentality, history, and approach to international problems. Of primary concern in any attempt to shed light on the foreign policy of Mexico is the place of the Mexican Revolution in shaping the nation's approach to international problems.The Mexican Revolution has had profound effects on the development of the country. Since the beginning of the Revolution in 1910, Mexico has followed a path to political stability unique in Latin America. The Revolution and its effects on subsequent Mexican attitudes have been studied by many scholars in attempts to learn lessons for the other developing nations of the hemisphere.

scholarly journals Consumer Education Needed on Norovirus Prevention and Control: Findings from a Nationally Representative Survey of U.S. Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHERYL C. CATES ◽  
KATHERINE M. KOSA ◽  
JENNA E. BROPHY ◽  
ARON J. HALL ◽  
ANGELA FRASER
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
Educational Materials ◽  
Food Safety Education ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Transmission Prevention ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Control

Noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of foodborne disease in the United States; however, little is known about consumers' knowledge of NoV infection and their understanding of how to prevent and control associated illness. A nationally representative Web-enabled panel survey of U.S. adults (n = 1,051) was conducted to collect information on consumers' awareness and knowledge of NoVs. Respondents who had heard of NoVs were asked 22 true-and-false questions on the transmission, prevention, and control of NoVs. Forty-seven percent of respondents reported awareness of NoVs, and 85% of respondents had heard of the terms “cruise ship virus,” “the stomach bug,” or “the stomach flu,” which are commonly used to describe NoVs. Of those respondents who had previously heard of NoV or other terms used by consumers to describe NoV (n = 948), 36% correctly answered 11 or more of the 22 true-and-false questions, suggesting that consumers have limited knowledge on how to prevent and control NoV infection. Most consumers do not understand that the primary mode of transmission for NoV infection is fecal to oral, and many have the misperception that meat and poultry are sources of NoV infection. There is the need to educate consumers about how to prevent and control NoV infection. Although there is a proliferation of food safety education materials available, most focus on foodborne bacteria rather than viruses. The survey results will be used to revise existing consumer food safety educational materials to include information on NoV prevention and control.

Posthumous control of copyright, its limitations and the public interest

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-62
Author(s):  
Desmond Osaretin Oriakhogba ◽  
Gloria Kanwulia Adeola-Adedipe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
The Public ◽  
And Control ◽  
Desk Research ◽  
Shed Light

Conducted as a desk research, this paper examines the interface between copyright and succession laws, the notion of testamentary freedom, its limitations and justification for its restriction. The paper draws on this examination to discuss the freedom of authors to dispose their copyright under testate and intestate arrangements, and posthumously control the use of their works under the Nigerian Copyright Act. Following this discussion, the paper identifies and examines the relevant provisions of the Copyright Act that can limit the capacity of authors to posthumously control the use of their works in Nigeria. The paper contends that authors’ liberty to transfer their copyright by testamentary disposition or operation of law, and control the use of their works posthumously, without public interest friendly limitations, can create an imbalance within the copyright system. This paper addresses the issues of whether public interest objectives may be achieved through the limitation in the extant Copyright Act, especially given the propensity for copyright misuse by authors in death, as well as during their lifetime, and what policy options may align the public interest with authors’ posthumous control of copyright. In resolving these questions, the paper draws on instances of copyright misuse in the United States of America (USA) and South Africa and situates them within the Nigerian context to shed light on the issues discussed.

scholarly journals State-level needs for social distancing and contact tracing to contain COVID-19 in the United States 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihsueh A. Chiu ◽  
Rebecca Fischer ◽  
Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Starting in mid-May 2020, many US states began relaxing social distancing measures that were put in place to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. To evaluate the impact of relaxation of restrictions on COVID-19 dynamics and control, we developed a transmission dynamic model and calibrated it to US state-level COVID-19 cases and deaths. We used this model to evaluate the impact of social distancing, testing and contact tracing on the COVID-19 epidemic in each state. As of July 22, 2020, we found only three states were on track to curtail their epidemic curve. Thirty-nine states and the District of Columbia may have to double their testing and/or tracing rates and/or rolling back reopening by 25%, while eight states require an even greater measure of combined testing, tracing, and distancing. Increased testing and contact tracing capacity is paramount for mitigating the recent large-scale increases in U.S. cases and deaths.

scholarly journals Domestic Violence Intervention Programs for Perpetrators in Latin America and the Caribbean

Partner Abuse ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Eugenio Esquivel Santoveña ◽  
Teresa da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Program Effectiveness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Violence Intervention ◽  
What Works ◽  
Domestic Violence Intervention ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Shed Light

Research on intervention programs for domestic violence (DV) perpetrators in the United States and in Europe has started to shed light on these interventions and the challenges they face in determining “what works” in those regions. In Latin America, the research is almost nonexistent. This study presents a literature review of studies and program protocols in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as the results of a continental survey on characteristics and suggested standards for DV perpetrator programs in this region. Findings indicate perpetrator interventions in this part of the world are in their earliest stages along with the remaining challenges these involve. Suggested standards in the areas of program effectiveness, evidence-based intake assessments, tailoring of programs to minority group’s needs, the conceptualization of DV, influential risk factors, and liaisons between academia and practice are discussed.

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