Cleaning of wastewater on a filmless slow filter

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
V.N. Volkova ◽  
V.L. Golovin

A method of post-treatment of wastewater with a filmless slow filter with a vertical filtering surface is considered. The properties of the cassette slow filter with respect to ammonium and phosphorus ions have been studied. The analysis of the integral kinetic curves was carried out in accordance with the models of biochemical destruction. The efficiency of additional purification of wastewater from biogenic elements by a filmless slow filter with respect to ammonium and phosphates has been investigated.

2021 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 08005
Author(s):  
Nazia Urmitova ◽  
Aida Nizamova

The article presents the features of cascade phyto-treatment facilities, bio plateau with an open water mirror. Such structures are similar to natural wetland objects. The plant species on the cascades and their effect in the post-treatment of wastewater are considered. Natural biological treatment of wastewater with algae roots is one of the most effective methods of treatment. This method allows you to clean polluted wastewater without harming the environment. Aquatic plants intensify the purification process, remove biogenic elements, actively using them in their nutrition, remove heavy metals and organic substances from the water and accumulate in the root system, which are difficult to decompose and thus improve the process of self-purification of reservoirs. The article pays great attention to the project «The Resilient Ribbon: A Timeless Legend of Kazan». The essence of the project is the natural self-purification of the city lake Nizhny Kaban in Kazan, where the root system of plants is used to purify water from mixtures, phenols and phosphates, heavy metals and a number of other harmful substances. The results of laboratory studies of water quality after treatment at cascade phyto-treatment facilities are presented.


1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 203-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias C. Owen

AbstractThe clear evidence of water erosion on the surface of Mars suggests an early climate much more clement than the present one. Using a model for the origin of inner planet atmospheres by icy planetesimal impact, it is possible to reconstruct the original volatile inventory on Mars, starting from the thin atmosphere we observe today. Evidence for cometary impact can be found in the present abundances and isotope ratios of gases in the atmosphere and in SNC meteorites. If we invoke impact erosion to account for the present excess of129Xe, we predict an early inventory equivalent to at least 7.5 bars of CO2. This reservoir of volatiles is adequate to produce a substantial greenhouse effect, provided there is some small addition of SO2(volcanoes) or reduced gases (cometary impact). Thus it seems likely that conditions on early Mars were suitable for the origin of life – biogenic elements and liquid water were present at favorable conditions of pressure and temperature. Whether life began on Mars remains an open question, receiving hints of a positive answer from recent work on one of the Martian meteorites. The implications for habitable zones around other stars include the need to have rocky planets with sufficient mass to preserve atmospheres in the face of intensive early bombardment.


Author(s):  
Amreek Singh ◽  
Judith M. McLaren ◽  
Onkar S. Atwal ◽  
Peter Eyre

Introduction3-methylindole (MI), a rumen metabolite of the amino acid L-tryptophan, has been shown to produce bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema. The airways contain free and exfoliated cells. A morphologic analysis of these cells may complement the understanding of the mechanism of lung edema. Ultrastructure of the bronchopulmonary lavage (BL) cells 24 h following MI oral administration to calves is described in this experiment. The 12 hours post-treatment results were described earlier.Materials and MethodsTwo Holstein-Friesian calves were each administered an oral dose of 0.2 g MI/Kg body weight and another two calves served as controls. The animals were euthanized with sodium pentabarbitol 24 h after receiving the compound. The lungs and trachea were removed and 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffered saline was infused into the lungs through the trachea. Glutaraldehyde fixative was added to the recovered BL fluid so as to form a 1% solution. The fluid was centrifuged and the resulting cell pellet was suspended in the buffer. The procedures were repeated on the suspension; the pellet was post-fixed in osmium tetroxide and was processed by conventional methods of section preparations for TEM examination. Lung samples from caudal lobes were fixed in 1.5% glutaraldehyde to obtain tissue sections for TEM.Results and DiscussionPulmonary alveolar macrophages (AM), neutrophils, ciliated epithelial cells, globule leukocytes and plasma cells were recovered from the BL fluid of the control and Mi-administered calves. Ciliated cells and globule leukocytes could not be harvested from the controls. The AM obtained from the treated calves (Fig. 1) in comparison with similar cells from the controls were larger, and contained large membrane-limited inclusions (phagolysosomes). There was a remarkable similarity between the lavaged AM and the AM studied in thin sections of lung (cf. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The neutrophil was the second most abundant cell type retrieved from the lavage fluid from the calves of control or treated group. Except for scanty pseudopodia in the neutrophils obtained from the Mi-receiving calves, the cells appeared unaltered (Fig. 3). Ciliated cells were abundant in the BL fluid of Mi-ingesting calves. A heterogeneous collection of vesicles filled the ciliated cell cytoplasm (Fig. 3). Globule leukocytes were commonly observed among BL cells of treated calves. The globule leukocytes were ca. 15 μm in diameter and contained round or elliptical nuclei with conspicuous nucleoli. The cytoplasmic granules, which are a prominent feature of globule leukocytes, were electron-opaque and had a variable diameter (0.5-3.0 μm). A one-line account of globule leukocytes in the bronchi of steers administered MI has appeared. Plasma cells were rare. Ultrastructure of BL cells is compatible with their response to chemical insult by MI.


Author(s):  
D.F. Blake ◽  
LJ. Allamandola ◽  
G. Palmer ◽  
A. Pohorille

The natural history of the biogenic elements H, C, N, O, P and S in the cosmos is of great interest because it is these elements which comprise all life. Material ejected from stars (or pre-existing in the interstellar medium) is thought to condense into diffuse bodies of gravitationally bound gas and dust called cold interstellar molecular clouds. Current theories predict that within these clouds, at temperatures of 10-100° K, gases (primarily H2O, but including CO, CO2, CH3OH, NH3, and others) condense onto submicron silicate grains to form icy grain mantles. This interstellar ice represents the earliest and most primitive association of the biogenic elements. Within these multicomponent icy mantles, pre-biotic organic compounds are formed during exposure to UV radiation. It is thought that icy planetesimals (such as comets) within our solar system contain some pristine interstellar material, including ices, and may have (during the early bombardment of the solar system, ∼4 Ga) carried this material to Earth.Despite the widespread occurrence of astrophysical ices and their importance to pre-biotic organic evolution, few experimental data exist which address the relevant phase equilibria and possible structural states. A knowledge of the petrology of astrophysical ice analogs will allow scientists to more confidently interpret astronomical IR observations. Furthermore, the development and refinement of procedures for analyzing ices and other materials at cryogenic temperatures is critical to the study of materials returned from the proposed Rosetta comet nucleus and Mars sample return missions.


2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Kollara ◽  
Graham Schenck ◽  
Jamie Perry

Studies have investigated the applications of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy in the treatment of hypernasality due to velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD; Cahill et al., 2004; Kuehn, 1991; Kuehn, Moon, & Folkins, 1993; Kuehn et al., 2002). The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of CPAP therapy to reduce hypernasality in a female subject, post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) and pharyngeal flap, who presented with signs of VPD including persistent hypernasality. Improvements in mean velopharyngeal orifice size, subjective perception of hypernasality, and overall intelligibility were observed from the baseline to 8-week post-treatment assessment intervals. Additional long-term assessments completed at 2, 3, and 4 months post-treatment indicated decreases in immediate post-treatment improvements. Results from the present study suggest that CPAP is a safe, non-invasive, and relatively conservative treatment method for reduction of hypernasality in selected patients with TBI. More stringent long-term follow up may indicate the need for repeated CPAP treatment to maintain results.


2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Alon Harris ◽  
Brent Siesky ◽  
Amelia Huang ◽  
Thai Do ◽  
Sunu Mathew ◽  
...  

Abstract. Introduction: To investigate the effects of a lutein complex supplementation on ocular blood flow in healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: Sixteen healthy female patients (mean age 36.8 ± 12.1 years) were enrolled in this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, two-period crossover study. Subjects received daily an oral dose of the lutein with synergistic phytochemicals complex (lutein (10 mg), ascorbic acid (500 mg), tocopherols (364 mg), carnosic acid (2.5 mg), zeaxanthin (2 mg), copper (2 mg), with synergistic effects in reducing pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines when administered together in combination) and placebo during administration periods. Measurements were taken before and after three-week supplementation periods, with crossover visits separated by a three-week washout period. Data analysis included blood pressure, heart rate, intraocular pressure, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity detection, ocular perfusion pressure, confocal scanning laser Doppler imaging of retinal capillary blood flow, and Doppler imaging of the retrobulbar blood vessels. Results: Lutein complex supplementation produced a statistically significant increase in mean superior retinal capillary blood flow, measured in arbitrary units (60, p = 0.0466) and a decrease in the percentage of avascular area in the superior (−0.029, p = 0.0491) and inferior (−0.023, p = 0.0477) retina, as well as reduced systolic (−4.06, p = 0.0295) and diastolic (−3.69, p = 0.0441) blood pressure measured in mmHg from baseline. Data comparison between the two supplement groups revealed a significant decrease in systemic diastolic blood pressure (change from pre- to post-treatment with lutein supplement (mean (SE)): −3.69 (1.68); change from pre- to post-treatment with placebo: 0.31 (2.57); p = 0.0357) and a significant increase in the peak systolic velocity (measured in cm/sec) in the central retinal artery (change from pre- to post-treatment with lutein supplement: 0.36 (0.19); change from pre- to post-treatment with placebo: −0.33 (0.21); p = 0.0384) with lutein complex supplement; data analyses from the placebo group were all non-significant. Discussion: In healthy participants, oral administration of a lutein phytochemicals complex for three weeks produced increased ocular blood flow biomarkers within retinal vascular beds and reduced diastolic blood pressure compared to placebo.


2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 0140-0151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilaga Rati Selvaraju ◽  
Huzwah Khaza’ai ◽  
Sharmili Vidyadaran ◽  
Mohd Sokhini Abd Mutalib ◽  
Vasudevan Ramachandran ◽  
...  

Glutamate is the major mediator of excitatory signals in the mammalian central nervous system. Extreme amounts of glutamate in the extracellular spaces can lead to numerous neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to clarify the potential of the following vitamin E isomers, tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) and α-tocopherol (α-TCP), as potent neuroprotective agents against glutamate-induced injury in neuronal SK-N-SH cells. Cells were treated before and after glutamate injury (pre- and post-treatment, respectively) with 100 - 300 ng/ml TRF/α-TCP. Exposure to 120 mM glutamate significantly reduced cell viability to 76 % and 79 % in the pre- and post-treatment studies, respectively; however, pre- and post-treatment with TRF/α-TCP attenuated the cytotoxic effect of glutamate. Compared to the positive control (glutamate-injured cells not treated with TRF/α-TCP), pre-treatment with 100, 200, and 300 ng/ml TRF significantly improved cell viability following glutamate injury to 95.2 %, 95.0 %, and 95.6 %, respectively (p < 0.05).The isomers not only conferred neuroprotection by enhancing mitochondrial activity and depleting free radical production, but also increased cell viability and recovery upon glutamate insult. Our results suggest that vitamin E has potent antioxidant potential for protecting against glutamate injury and recovering glutamate-injured neuronal cells. Our findings also indicate that both TRF and α-TCP could play key roles as anti-apoptotic agents with neuroprotective properties.


1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan I. Capafóns ◽  
Carmen D. Sosa ◽  
Manuel Herrero ◽  
Conrado Viña

The results are presented for the validation of a videotape as an analogous situation for a flight. The video includes the most significant elements of a flight by air: confirmation of the flight, packing, going to the airport, checking-in, going through the metal-detector, departure lounge, boarding the plane, demonstration of the personal safety drills, interiors and exteriors during the flight and landing. Two physiological measures are used for validation (heart rate and temperature) and a subjective measure (situational anxiety, SA). The results (both t-tests and the discriminant analysis) indicate that the videotape is able to discriminate between phobics and non-phobics of flying in the three variables considered. With respect to sensitivity in detecting change produced by various treatments in clients with phobia of flying, the results are also satisfactory. A greater differentiation is produced between the pre-post treatment measures, both in subjective and in the physiological measures.


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