scholarly journals A history of the path towards imaging of the brain: From skull radiography through cerebral angiography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haris Kamal ◽  
Edward J. Fine ◽  
Banafsheh Shakibajahromi ◽  
Ashkan Mowla
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Agent ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spinal Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Frontal Horn ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
The Brain

This publication reviews the steps in the path towards obtaining a complete image of the brain. Up to the 1920s, plain X-ray films could demonstrate only calcified tumors, shifts in midline position of a calcified pineal gland due to a mass in the cranium, or foreign metallic objects within the skull. Walter Dandy reported in 1918 that he visualized cerebral ventricles by introducing air as a contrast agent through a trocar into one of the occipital lobes or the right frontal horn of the ventricular system. Dandy localized lesions that distorted or shifted the ventricles. In 1920, Dandy placed air by lumbar puncture into the spinal subarachnoid space that could visualize the brain and entire ventricles. Antonio Egas Moniz with the assistance of his neurosurgeon colleague, Almeida Lima, obtained X-ray images of cerebral arteries of dogs and decapitated human heads from corpses after injecting strontium bromide into their carotid arteries. Satisfied by these experiments, Moniz injected strontium bromide directly into carotid arteries of five patients which failed to show intracranial vessels. In the sixth patient, intracranial arteries were outlined but that patient died of cerebral thrombosis presumably due to the hyper- osmolality of that contrast agent. Finally, on June 18, 1927, Moniz injected 22% sodium iodine into a 20-year-old man and obtained clear visualization of his carotid artery and intracerebral branches after temporarily occluding the artery with a ligature. 

scholarly journals Reversible Cortical Blindness as a Prominent Manifestation of Cerebral Embolism due to Infective Endocarditis

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios P. Kranidiotis ◽  
Alexandra N. Gougoutsi ◽  
Theodoros A. Retsas ◽  
Maria I. Anastasiou-Nana
Keyword(s):  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
Visual Loss ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Cortical Blindness ◽  
Multiple Organ Dysfunction ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
The Brain

Introduction. Infective endocarditis in the left heart may be complicated by stroke, due to embolisation from infectious valvular vegetations. Infarction of both occipital lobes, which are supplied by the posterior cerebral arteries, is infrequent, and is the cause of cortical blindness from lesion of the visual cortex. Cortical blindness is characterized by intact pupillary reflexes, a normal fundoscopy, and, rarely, denial of visual loss.Case Presentation. We report the case of a 58-year-old woman, recipient of a mechanical aortic valve, who presented with fever, multiple organ dysfunction, and cortical blindness. Transesophageal echocardiography and blood cultures confirmed the diagnosis of infective endocarditis caused by methicillin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus. Computed tomography of the brain without contrast revealed the presence of infarctions in both occipital lobes. It is noteworthy that the visual loss resolved after treatment of endocarditis.Conclusions. A stroke occurring in a patient presenting with fever and a history of valvular heart disease strongly suggests the presence of infective endocarditis. Bilateral thromboembolic infarcts of the occipital lobes cause cortical blindness, that can resolve after treatment of endocarditis.

Pilocytic Astrocytoma in a Cat

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 759-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. F. Sant'Ana ◽  
R. Serakides ◽  
D. L. Graça
Keyword(s):  
Pilocytic Astrocytoma ◽  
Osseous Metaplasia ◽  
Nuclear Chromatin ◽  
Chromatin Pattern ◽  
S 100 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clear Cytoplasm ◽  
The Right ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
The Brain

A 12-year-old crossbred female cat was presented for necropsy with a history of anorexia, ataxia, convulsions, and blindness. Grossly, a whitish, firm, and well-circumscribed nodule with an irregular surface of approximately 1.5 cm in diameter was observed in the right dorsal, parietal, and occipital lobes of the brain. Histologically, the tumor was composed of neoplastic astrocytes forming irregular interweaving sheets and bundles. These cells were elongated, spindle-shaped, and bipolar, and some had clear cytoplasm and a dense nuclear chromatin pattern. Extensive areas of cartilaginous and osseous metaplasia were observed. By immunohistochemistry, the neoplastic cells were found to be markedly positive for S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein. On the basis of morphologic and immunohistochemical features, the diagnosis of pilocytic astrocytoma was made.

Macroscopic Anatomy and Brain Vascularization in the Greater Rhea (Rhea americana americana)

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herson Da Silva Costa ◽  
Hélio Norberto De Araújo Júnior ◽  
Ferdinando Vinícius Fernandes Bezerra ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Vale Rebouças ◽  
Danilo José Ayres De Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Type I ◽  
Macroscopic Anatomy ◽  
Rhea Americana ◽  
Vascular Type ◽  
The Brain

 Background: The Rhea americana americana is a wild bird belonging to the group of Ratites, and is important from the scientific point of view given their adaptability to captivity. Considering that information about its morphology is important for the viability of domesticating the species, the aim of this study was to macroscopically identify the brain regions, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit in order to establish the cerebral vascular pattern and systematization.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty one brains from young and adult Greater Rheas of both sexes were used from animals that had died due to natural causes and were then kept in a freezer. The specimens were thawed and incised in the cervical region to allow exposure of the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated. The vascular system was rinsed with 0.9% saline solution, then perfused with latex Neoprene 650 stained with red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 h, and then they were dissected by removing the bones from the skull cap. The brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, photographed, schematized and denominated. Morphometric measurements were performed on the basilar and cerebellar ventral caudal arteries, recording the values of length and width in millimeters with the aid of a digital caliper. The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum; while externally, the observed structures are: olfactory bulbs, optical lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal glands. Vascularization was performed by the following arteries: ventral spinal artery, basilar artery, ventricular cerebellar arteries, medium ventricular cerebellar arteries, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic artery, cerebral caudal arteries, rostral branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries, cerebroethmoidal arteries, rostral intercerebral anastomosis, rostral cerebral arteries, ethmoidal arteries, internal ophthalmic arteries, inter-hemispheric artery, pituitary arteries, dorsal mesencephalic tectal arteries, dorsal cerebellar arteries, occipital, pineal and dorsal hemispherical branches. The cerebral arterial circuit was both caudally and rostrally closed in 100.0% of the samples, being composed of the arteries: basilar artery, caudal branches of the carotid brain, rostral branches of the brain carotid, cerebroethmoidal arteries and rostral intercerebral anastomosis.Discussion: Encephalon classification regarding the presence or absence of gyri is a characteristic associated to evolution­ary aspects among vertebrates, being respectively considered as lisencephalon or girencecephalus when it presents or does not present convolutions. In Greater Rheas, the telencephalon was quite developed, with a relatively rounded shape and the absence of sulci and convolutions in the cortex, which allowed it to be classified as a lisencephalon. Such findings resemble those described for the ostrich and in a comparative study involving kiwis, emus, owls and pigeons, although different sizes and forms of telencephalon development were observed in the latter. Regarding the cerebral arterial circuit, this structure in Rheas was complete and both caudally and rostrally closed in 100.0% of the specimens. Our findings differ from those ob­served for ostriches, in which a rostrally open behavior has been described, while it is caudally closed in 20.0% of cases and opened in 80.0%. Regarding the vascular type of the brain, in the Rhea it was observed that there was only contribution of the carotid system, similar to that found for birds such as ostriches and turkeys which confer a type I encephalic vascularization.Keywords: arteries, brain, arterial circuit, morphometry, ratites.

scholarly journals Morphology of the vertebral artery in Asian population

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Alfaouri-Kornieieva ◽  
Azmy M Al-Hadidi
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
The Third ◽  
Asian Patients ◽  
Distal Loop ◽  
The Right ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
The Brain

Background: Recent clinical trials have shown a rising trend of stroke in Asian population. Approximately 20% strokes of total occur at the vertebrobasilar basin that supplies the occipital lobes of the brain, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. The anatomical features and variability of the third segment of the vertebral artery (VA) in Asians are analyzed in this study. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 68 consecutive Asian patients underwent MRA examination for head and neck in the Department of Radiology of Hospital of University of Jordan from 1.10.2011 to 30.04.2012. The 116 VA were analyzed on the obtained angiograms. Results: The third segment (V3) of the VA was studied according to its conventional division into vertical, horizontal, and oblique parts. The mean outer diameter of the V3 varied up 3.18 ± 0.73 to 4.28 ± 1.08 mm. The parameter prevailed on the left in 91% cases and was greater in males, than in females. The distal loop of the VA projected downward in 26 cases on the right (78%) and in 28 cases on the left (74%). The tortuosity of loop?formations of V3 was evaluated subject to angles between their ascending and descending bends. Conclusion: In comparison with other ethnic groups, the V3 of the VA in Asians has lesser outer diameter, especially along its oblique part; the zero?distance between the occipital bone and horizontal segment of VA occurs more often (up to 26%); the Lang’s III type of V3 variability is the most common in Asians. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i4.6150 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2014 Vol.5(4); 84-88

scholarly journals Diagnosing RCVS Without the CV

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. NP1-NP4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuri Jacoby ◽  
Ulrike Kaunzner ◽  
Marc Dinkin ◽  
Joseph Safdieh
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Mri Brain ◽  
Cerebral Vasoconstriction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Reversible Encephalopathy ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
The Brain

This is a case of a 52-year-old man with a past medical history of 2 episodes of coital thunderclap headaches as well as recent cocaine, marijuana, and pseudoephedrine use, who presented with sudden, sharp, posterior headache associated with photophobia and phonophobia. His initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the head, and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) of the head were all normal as well as a normal lumbar puncture. Given the multiple risk factors for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), the patient was treated for suspected RCVS, despite the normal imaging. Repeat MRI brain 3 days after hospital admission demonstrated confluent white matter T2 hyperintensities most prominent in the occipital lobes, typical of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Repeat MRA of the head 1 day after discharge and 4 days after the abnormal MRI brain showed multisegment narrowing of multiple arteries. This case demonstrates that RCVS may present with PRES on MRI brain and also exemplifies the need to treat suspected RCVS even if imaging is normal, as abnormalities in both the MRI and the MRA may be delayed.

scholarly journals Intracranial And Intraorbital Rosai Dorfman Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5187-5191
Author(s):  
Sivapriya G Nair ◽  
Jina Raj ◽  
Sajesh K Menon ◽  
Suhas Udayakumaran ◽  
Roshni P R
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Mri Scan ◽  
Massive Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Rosai Dorfman Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Suprasellar Extension

Rosai Dorfman disease is a rare histiocytic disorder. It is also known as Sinus Histiocytosis. It is with massive lymphadenopathy involves an overproduction of a type of white blood cell. The disease is rarely associated with intracranial and intraorbital involvement. Intracranial Rosai-Dorfman can mimic meningioma. Other pathologies also underline its pathologies. Here, we report a nine-year-old boy with a history of proptosis of the right eye and presenting with multiple skull lesions. Histopathological study revealed Sphenopetroclival lesion, which features that of Rosai Dorfman Disease. His MRI scan of the brain was taken, which showed evidence of right optic nerve meningioma with sella and suprasellar extension, causing severe proptosis. The child underwent right frontotemporal craniotomy with petrosectomy and Transylvanian, subtemporal approach to multicompartmental Rosai-Dorfmans lesion. After four months, the patient had a recurrence of the disease on which chemotherapy and steroids were started, which also did not show much response while taking an MRI scan. A corticosteroid is a useful option in the Central Nervous System Rosai Dorfman disease treatment. But this patient showed a negative outcome to the treatment.

scholarly journals Brain tumors and indications for brain imaging in patients with psychiatric manifestations: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Alireza Haji Seyed Javadi ◽  
Bahare Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
The Right ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
Psychiatric Manifestations ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Studies on the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and brain tumors are ambiguous, as it is not clear whether these symptoms are due to the direct effect of the tumor or a secondary psychological response to stress, resulting from the diagnosis and treatment of the disease; therefore, it is difficult to analyze and retrieve relevant information. Case presentation We present the case of a 43-year-old male patient, who was admitted to a psychiatric emergency room with psychiatric symptoms, such as restlessness and extreme talkativeness, but normal neurological examinations. He showed no response to outpatient treatment and had no history of psychiatric disorders. The onset of symptoms was 2 months before his visit. On neuroimaging, a brain tumor was observed in the right temporal and occipital lobes. Accordingly, the patient was transferred to the neurosurgery ward. Conclusion Factors, such as increased internal pressure on the brain due to a brain tumor or the effect of tumor area, contribute to the occurrence of symptoms, such as restlessness and talkativeness. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

scholarly journals Epileptic Seizure Provoked by Bone Metastasis of Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia and Merkel Cell Carcinoma – Case Report

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Folyovich ◽  
Angéla Majoros ◽  
Tamás Jarecsny ◽  
Gitta Pánczél ◽  
Zsuzsanna Pápai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Metastases ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Merkel Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cerebral Metastasis ◽  
Merkel Cell ◽  
Lymphoid Leukemia ◽  
Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare primary neuroendocrine cutaneous tumor, rarely metastatizing to the brain. Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) is a disease predisposing to MCC. According to previous reports, headache and focal neurological deficits suggest disease progression to the brain. We present a patient with MCC whose seizure was not elicited by a cerebral metastasis, but by bone metastases compressing the brain. Case presentation The 62-year-old female patient had a history of CLL. A lesion with the appearance of an atheroma was removed from the right upper arm. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of MCC. She was admitted to the neurology department with her first GM seizure. The cranial MRI/MRA showed bone metastases in the right parietal and left frontal areas, compressing the brain. Flow cytometry of CSF did not reveal metastasis of MCC or CLL. No surgery was performed, chemotherapy was continued. Conclusions The case history of the patient was unique even among the rare cases of MCC with neurological involvement. The seizure was not elicited by a cerebral metastasis, but by bone metastases compressing the brain. In addition to patient history, clinical presentation and radiological findings enabled a suspected diagnosis preceding confirmation by laboratory methods.

scholarly journals A case of Young Stroke due to Moyamoya Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-113
Author(s):  
Md Abdur Razzak ◽  
Ghulam Kawnayn ◽  
Fateha Naznin ◽  
Quazi Audry Arafat Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Moyamoya Disease ◽  
Past History ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Cerebral Angiogram ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Collateral Vessels ◽  
The Right

Moyamoya disease is a disease in which certain arteries in the brain are constricted. Blood flow is blocked by the constriction, and also by blood clots (thrombosis). A collateral circulation develops around the blocked vessels to compensate for the blockage, but the collateral vessels are small, weak, and prone to bleeding, aneurysm and thrombosis which may result in TIA, recurrent ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or seizure. The disease may manifest in pediatric age or young adults. In May 2019 we have diagnosed a young lady with Moyamoya disease who presented with right sided hemiplegia, motor aphasia and dysphagia. She was labeled as hypertensive 6 months prior to this event and used to take anti-hypertensive irregularly and gave past history of occasional headache. Her CT scan and MRI of brain revealed left sided ischemic infarct involving frontotemporoparietal region and cerebral angiogram revealed narrowing of left MCA and non-visualization of distal part. There is extensive fine collaterals (Moyamoya vessels) giving the appearance of puffed smoke. The right ACA and MCA were also narrowed with appearance of early collateral vessels. She was treated with aspirin, PPI, NG feeding, antihypertensive medication, physiotherapy, rehabilitation therapy and other supportive care. His condition gradually improved and discharged on 2.7.19. He was referred to Department of Neurosurgery for cerebral revascularization by STA-MCA (superficial temporal and middle cerebral arteries) bypass surgery after stabilization and MR perfusion study. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.15 (1) 2019: 110-113

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