Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis with Emphasis on the Dynamic Activity of Sand Flies in an Important Endemic Focus of Disease in Northwestern Iran

Background: Leishmaniasis diseases are known to be one of the most important public health problems in World and Iran. Visceral leishmaniasis is considered to be the most serious form and transmitted by sand flies species. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic activities of sandflies in northwestern Iran. Methods: This crass-sectional study was conducted from April to December 2018 in Meshkinshahr County, Ardabil Province. Sticky traps have been used to collect sand flies. They are stored in 70% alcohol and finally identified using valid keys. The aspects of the synoptic information were inquired from the Meshkin Shahr weather department and results analyzed for SPSS24. Results: Totally 259 sandflies were collected during study period. From collected samples 78.7% were male and 21.3% female. There were 8 different species. Phlebotomus kandelakii was the most prevalent one (30.8%). The average temperature, relative humidity, and average wind speed was 13.5 °C, 84%, and 2 meters per hour on the onset of sandflies’ activity, respectively. These values were 18.3 °C, 85% and 1.5 meters per hour at the peak of their activity and 16 °C, 62% and 5 meters per hour at the final stage of their activity. Sand flies had one peak in July which is strongly influenced by temperature and humidity conditions. Two species of Ph. kandelakii and Phlebotomus perfilewi transcaucasicus, had the highest activity in this endemic area. Conclusion: The results of current study will provide a guideline for control of diseases in the country.

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Ecology of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia migonei in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612014068 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 320-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Rafaella Albuquerque Silva ◽

Fabricio Kassio Moura Santos ◽

Lindemberg Caranha de Sousa ◽

Elizabeth Ferreira Rangel ◽

Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Infantum ◽

Indoor Environment ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Sampling Site ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Sampling Points ◽

Lutzomyia Migonei

The main vector for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is Lutzomyia longipalpis. However, the absence of L. longipalpis in a region of autochthonous VL demonstrates the participation of other species in the transmission of the parasite. Studies conducted in La Banda, Argentina, and São Vicente Férrer, Pernambuco State, Brazil, have correlated the absence of L. longipalpisand the presence of L. migonei with autochthonous cases of VL. In São Vicente Férrer, Pernambuco, there was evidence for the natural infection of L. migonei with Leishmania infantum chagasi. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the ecology of the sand flies L. longipalpis and L. migonei in Fortaleza, an endemic area for VL. Insect capture was conducted at 22 sampling points distributed across four regions of Fortaleza. In total, 32,403 sand flies were captured; of these, 18,166 (56%) were identified as L. longipalpis and 14,237 (44%) as L. migonei. There were significant density differences found between the vectors at each sampling site (indoors and outdoors) (p <0.0001). These findings confirm that L. migonei and L. longipalpis are distributed throughout Fortaleza, where they have adapted to an indoor environment, and suggest that L. migonei may share the role as a vector with L. longipalpis in the transmission of VL in Fortaleza.

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Physiological Age Structure andLeishmaniaspp. Detection inPhlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis(Parrot, 1936) (Diptera: Psychodidae) at an Endemic Focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northern Ethiopia

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2015/710528 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Araya Gebresilassie ◽

Ibrahim Abbasi ◽

Oscar David Kirstein ◽

Essayas Aklilu ◽

Solomon Yared ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Age Structure ◽

Leishmania Donovani ◽

Age Determination ◽

Blood Feeding ◽

Physiological Age ◽

Agricultural Fields ◽

Northern Ethiopia ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Endemic Focus

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused byLeishmania donovaniis endemic in northern Ethiopia, whereP. orientalisis the most important presumed vector. This study was designed to determine the physiological age structure and the occurrence ofLeishmaniainfection in the vector of VL in Tahtay Adiyabo district, northern Ethiopia. Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps from peridomestic and agricultural fields between May 2011 and April 2012 andP. orientalisfemales were dissected for age determination and detection ofLeishmaniapromastigotes. Sand flies were also analyzed forL. donovanidetection using molecular methods. Of 1,282P. orientalisexamined for abdominal stages and age characterization, 66.2%, 28.2%, 4.1%, and 1.6% were unfed, freshly fed, half-gravid, and gravid. Parous rate in unfed females was 34.1% and 35.4% in peridomestic and agricultural fields, respectively. Out of 921P. orientalisfemales dissected, one specimen (0.1%) was found naturally infected with promastigotes. Five pools (25 females) of unfedP. orientaliswere also found with DNA ofLeishmaniaspp. In particular, a singleP. orientaliswas positive forL. donovani(0.5%). Based on this and other evidences (abundance, human blood feeding, and xenodiagnostic studies),P. orientalisis the principal vector of VL in this endemic focus.

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Assessment of sand fly (Diptera, Psychodidae) control using cypermethrin in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x2011001100005 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (11) ◽

pp. 2117-2123 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ricardo Andrade Barata ◽

Erika Monteiro Michalsky ◽

Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara ◽

João Carlos França-Silva ◽

Marília Fonseca Rocha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Light Traps ◽

Minas Gerais State ◽

Transmission Area

Montes Claros in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, was considered an intense transmission area for visceral leishmaniasis. This study evaluated sand fly fauna after insecticide application. Captures were performed in 10 districts from September 2005 to August 2006 with CDC light traps inside and outside each residence. Cypermethrin was sprayed in two cycles during November/2005 and May/2006. The 636 specimens collected, belonging to 10 species, were predominantly Lutzomyia longipalpis (79%), and most frequently males (70%). The highest percentage of specimens were captured in areas surrounding domiciles (85.8%). The main species were observed to be sensitive to treatment with the insecticide. The results showed a reduction in the number of sand flies collected after use of cypermethrin in homes and annexes, and with residual effect lasting from two to four months.

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Risk factors for Leishmania chagasi infection in an endemic area in Raposa, State of Maranhão, Brazil

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical ◽

10.1590/s0037-86822011005000059 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 44 (6) ◽

pp. 712-721 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Charlene Barreto Ponte ◽

Natália Coelho Souza ◽

Maria Neuza Cavalcante ◽

Aldina Maria Prado Barral ◽

Dorlene Maria Cardoso de Aquino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Asymptomatic Infection ◽

Test Methods ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Leishmania Chagasi ◽

Cross Sectional

INTRODUCTION: Infection with Leishmania chagasi is the most common clinical presentation for visceral leishmaniaisis in endemic areas. The municipality of Raposa is an endemic area in State of Maranhão, Brazil, and have had registration cases of visceral leishmaniasis disease. For this reason, a cross- sectional study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors for infection with L. chagasi detected by Montenegro skin test. METHODS: The sample comprised 96% of the inhabitants of the villages of Maresia, Pantoja, and Marisol located in the municipality of Raposa, corresponding to 1,359 subjects. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between the variables studied and infection of L. chagasi. RESULTS: The variables associated with infection upon nonadjusted analysis were a straw roof, mud walls, floors of beaten earth, presence of sand flies inside or outside of the dwelling, and bathing outdoors. Adjusted analysis showed that the presence of sand flies inside/outside the dwelling was a risk factor, and age younger than 10 years was a protective factor against asymptomatic infection. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the extent to which precarious living conditions of the population strengthen the epidemiological chain of visceral leishmaniasis.

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Species composition of phlebotomine sand flies and bionomics of Phlebotomus orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Tahtay Adiyabo district, Northern Ethiopia

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-015-0849-7 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Araya Gebresilassie ◽

Oscar David Kirstein ◽

Solomon Yared ◽

Essayas Aklilu ◽

Aviad Moncaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Species Composition ◽

Northern Ethiopia ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽

Endemic Focus ◽

Phlebotomus Orientalis ◽

Tahtay Adiyabo

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Canine visceral leishmaniasis: seroprevalence survey of asymptomatic dogs in an endemic area of northwestern Iran

Journal of Parasitic Diseases ◽

10.1007/s12639-013-0325-2 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 221-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mohammad Barati ◽

Mehdi Mohebali ◽

Mohammad Hossein Alimohammadian ◽

Ali Khamesipour ◽

Behnaz Akhoundi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Northwestern Iran

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Dogs with divergent serology for visceral leishmaniasis as sources of Leishmania infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies – an observational study in an endemic area in Brazil

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0008079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. e0008079 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marília Fonseca Rocha ◽

Érika Monteiro Michalsky ◽

Fabiana de Oliveira Lara-Silva ◽

Josiane Lopes Valadão ◽

João Carlos França-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Observational Study ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Leishmania Infection ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies

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Species Composition and Relative Abundance of Sand Flies of the Genus Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) at an Endemic Focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Colombia

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jmedent/32.4.527 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 527-537 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Cristina Ferro ◽

Amy C. Morrison ◽

Mariela Torres ◽

Raul Pardo ◽

Mark L. Wilson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Species Composition ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Endemic Focus

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Insecticide Susceptibility Status of Wild Population of Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus Collected from Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Foci in Northwestern Iran

Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases ◽

10.18502/jad.v14i3.4561 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yavar Rassi ◽

Eslam Moradi-Asl ◽

Hassan Vatandoost ◽

Malek Abazari ◽

Abedin Saghafipour

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Control Group ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Control Programs ◽

Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽

Northwestern Iran ◽

Northwest Of Iran ◽

Phlebotomus Perfiliewi ◽

Susceptibility Tests ◽

Susceptibility Status

Background: Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus sand flies are the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Ph. kandelakii and Ph. perfiliewi transcaucasicus, collected from an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the northwest of Iran, to different selected insecticides. Methods: Sand flies were collected from the villages of Meshkinshahr and Germi Counties using light traps and aspirators from May to October 2019. The sand flies were identified as Ph. kandelakii and Ph. perfiliewi transcaucasicus using standard identification keys. Susceptibility test was carried out against DDT (4%), Malathion (5%), Propoxur (0.1%) and Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%) according to the WHO standard method. MedCalc statistical software was employed to calculate LT50 and LT90 and to compare the chances of sand flies surviving the exposure to the studied insecticides. Results: A total of 1,278 female specimens were used for the susceptibility tests. Out of which 1,063 samples were used for the test and 215 for the control group. The estimated LT50 values for DDT (4%), Malathion (5%), Propoxur (0.1%), and Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%) for Ph. kandelakii were 15.1, 13.4, 15.4 and 5.8 minutes respectively, and for Ph. perfiliewi transcaucasicus were 11.9, 15.6, 15.9 and 5.8 minutes respectively. Conclusion: This susceptibility studies revealed different LT50 values for different insecticides efficient against Ph. kandelakii and Ph. perfiliewi transcaucasicus. The regular monitoring for the resistance of Ph. kandelakii and Ph. perfiliewi transcaucasicus sand flies seems necessary in diseases control programs in this area.

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