scholarly journals Insecticide Susceptibility Status of Wild Population of Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus Collected from Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Foci in Northwestern Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yavar Rassi ◽  
Eslam Moradi-Asl ◽  
Hassan Vatandoost ◽  
Malek Abazari ◽  
Abedin Saghafipour
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Northwestern Iran ◽  
Northwest Of Iran ◽  
Phlebotomus Perfiliewi ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Status

Background: Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus sand flies are the vectors of vis­ceral leishmaniasis in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Ph. kandelakii and Ph. perfil­iewi trans­caucasicus, collected from an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the northwest of Iran, to different select­ed insecticides. Methods: Sand flies were collected from the villages of Meshkinshahr and Germi Counties using light traps and aspira­tors from May to October 2019. The sand flies were identified as Ph. kandelakii and Ph. perfiliewi transcauca­sicus us­ing standard identification keys. Susceptibility test was carried out against DDT (4%), Malathion (5%), Propoxur (0.1%) and Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%) according to the WHO standard method. MedCalc statistical software was employed to calculate LT50 and LT90 and to compare the chances of sand flies surviving the exposure to the studied in­secticides. Results: A total of 1,278 female specimens were used for the susceptibility tests. Out of which 1,063 samples were used for the test and 215 for the control group. The estimated LT50 values for DDT (4%), Malathion (5%), Propoxur (0.1%), and Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%) for Ph. kandelakii were 15.1, 13.4, 15.4 and 5.8 minutes respectively, and for Ph. per­filiewi transcaucasicus were 11.9, 15.6, 15.9 and 5.8 minutes  respectively. Conclusion: This susceptibility studies revealed different LT50 values for different insecticides efficient against Ph. kandelakii and Ph. perfiliewi transcaucasicus. The regular monitoring for the resistance of Ph. kandelakii and Ph. per­filiewi transcaucasicus sand flies seems necessary in diseases control programs in this area.

scholarly journals Insecticides Susceptibility Status of Malaria Vectors in a High Malaria Endemic Tribal District Gadchiroli (Maharashtra) of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (03) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
RK Singh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Deltamethrin Resistance ◽  
Cone Bioassay ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Susceptibility Status ◽  
Major Malaria Vector

Background and Objective: The current study was undertaken to determine insecticide susceptibility of malaria vectors in various villages of high malaria endemic PHCs of Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra. Methods: Adult malaria vectors were collected from the human dwellings/ cattle sheds of 156 villages of 18 malaria endemic PHCs. Susceptibility tests were carried out for different insecticides against An. culicifacies and An. fluviatilis mosquitoes as per the World Health Organization (WHO) procedure. Cone bioassays were also done to assess the quality and efficacy of indoor residual spray. Results:An. fluviatilis could be collected from 23 villages only and all the populations were fully susceptible to synthetic pyrethroid (deltamethrin) while being tolerant to organophosphorous (malathion). Susceptibility of An. culicifacies from 156 villages indicated that only 3 populations of An. culicifacies were resistant to deltamethrin while 57 populations were fully susceptible and other 96 populations were tolerant to deltamethrin. Resistance was recorded in 25 populations of An. culicifacies against malathion and 30 populations were tolerant to malathion insecticide. Remaining populations of An. fluviatilis and An. culicifacies were highly resistant to organochlorine. Results of cone bioassay revealed the mortality ranged from 32.5-51.1% on cemented and 27.5-43.3% on the mud wall sprayed with lambda cyhalothrin. Conclusion: The current study indicates that resistance has developed to synthetic pyrethroids in the major malaria vector An. culicifacies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the evaluation of new insecticide molecules for better control of malaria vectors.

scholarly journals UJI KERENTANAN NYAMUK Aedes aegypti TERHADAP LAMDA SIHALOTRIN DAN SIPERMETRIN TAHUN 2016

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulistra Naftali Eka Putra ◽  
Koerniasari . ◽  
Mamik .
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sugar Water ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Control Chemical ◽  
The Right ◽  
Susceptibility Status

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Indonesia is an endemic disease with morbidity level tends to increase from year to year and extends to 400 regencies/cities from 474 regencies/cities in Indonesia. This disease even frequently causes Outbreaks (KLB). One of the dengue controls is chemical control. Chemical control by using insecticides is the most popular form of control in the society because it is easy to implement. Insecticides are most commonly used are lambda cyhalothrin and sipermetrin because it is cheap and readily available. The use of the same insecticide for around 2-20 years and improper dosage can cause mosquitoes to become resistant. This study aimed to test the susceptibility of mosquitoes to Lamdacyhalothrin and cypermethrin. This research was experimental and the study design used "with Pretest-Posttest Control Group". Susceptibility Test used 500 Aedesaegypti mosquito as sample and using 20 tubes with ach tube is filled 25 mosquitoes. 0.05% of Lamdacyhalothrin and 0.05% of cypermethrin were put in 8 tubes while for control was 4 tubes containing plain white paper. Mosquitoes were exposed for 1 hour, then transferred into paper cup containing cotton containing sugar water, then stored for 24 hours. The observation was then carried out and calculating the percentage of dead mosquitoes. The results showed the number of dead mosquitoes with Lamdacyhalothrin was 7%, included in the category of resistance (WHO). The number of dead mosquitoes with cypermethrin was 2.5% which is also in the category of resistance. This susceptibility status categories are taken based on the criteria of the WHO, the mortality <80% means resistant, the mortality of 80-97% are tolerant, and 98% - 100% is susceptible (WHO, 1975) The society is advised  to use insecticide in the right dose, limiting the excessive use of insecticides and if necessary, only to use non-chemical control.  Keywords : Aedes aegypti, Suceptibility Test, Lamdacyhalothrin, Cypermethrin

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis with Emphasis on the Dynamic Activity of Sand Flies in an Important Endemic Focus of Disease in Northwestern Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehssan Mozaffari ◽  
Hassan Vatandoost ◽  
Yavar Rassi ◽  
Mehdi Mohebali ◽  
Amir Ahmad Akhavan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
Endemic Focus ◽  
Average Wind ◽  
Northwestern Iran

Background: Leishmaniasis diseases are known to be one of the most important public health problems in World and Iran. Visceral leishmaniasis is considered to be the most serious form and transmitted by sand flies species. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic activities of sandflies in northwestern Iran. Methods: This crass-sectional study was conducted from April to December 2018 in Meshkinshahr County, Ardabil Province. Sticky traps have been used to collect sand flies. They are stored in 70% alcohol and finally identified using valid keys. The aspects of the synoptic information were inquired from the Meshkin Shahr weather department and results analyzed for SPSS24. Results: Totally 259 sandflies were collected during study period. From collected samples 78.7% were male and 21.3% female. There were 8 different species. Phlebotomus kandelakii was the most prevalent one (30.8%). The average tem­perature, relative humidity, and average wind speed was 13.5 °C, 84%, and 2 meters per hour on the onset of sandflies’ activity, respectively. These values were 18.3 °C, 85% and 1.5 meters per hour at the peak of their activity and 16 °C, 62% and 5 meters per hour at the final stage of their activity. Sand flies had one peak in July which is strongly influ­enced by temperature and humidity conditions. Two species of Ph. kandelakii and Phlebotomus perfilewi transcaucasi­cus, had the highest activity in this endemic area. Conclusion: The results of current study will provide a guideline for control of diseases in the country.   

scholarly journals Efficiency of Two Capture Methods Providing Live Sand flies and Assessment the Susceptibility Status of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Foci of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Lorestan Province, Western Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yavar Rassi ◽  
Hamed Asadollahi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Abai ◽  
Mohammad Hassan Kayedi ◽  
Hassan Vatandoost
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Seasonal Activity ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Status ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Background: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of two capture methods for providing live sandflies used for determining the susceptibility level of Phlebotomus papatasi, the main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Lorestan Province, west of Iran. Methods: The sand flies were collected from indoor and outdoor by hand-catch and baited traps during the peak of seasonal activity. The susceptibility level of sand flies was assessed using insecticide-impregnated papers against DDT 4%, bendiocarb 0.1%, permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05%, and cyfluthrin 0.15%. Results: A total of 2486 live sandflies were caught from both indoor and outdoor places. Totally 849 sand flies were caught from outdoors with a sex ratio(SR) 0.1 versus 1637 sand flies collected from indoor using the hand-catch method with SR= 0.6. The dominant species of sand flies was Ph. papatasi in the study area. Mortality rates of outdoor-collected sand flies were exposed to DDT 4%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, and bendiocarb 0.1%, and mortality rate ranged from 92.0–97.9% and for indoor-collected sand flies were 87.7–96.8%. Both outdoor and indoor collected sand flies were susceptible to cyfluthrin 0.15% that caused 100% mortality. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the most appropriate method for collecting the live female Ph. papatasi is the baited traps due to providing enough females is necessary for conducting the susceptibility tests. The finding indicated that Ph. papatasi wasresistant to DDT, under ‟verification required‟status to deltamethrin, permethrin, bendiocarb, and susceptible to cyfluthrin.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Laboratory Reared of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae), Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis to Different Imagicides in Hyper endemic Areas, Esfahan Province, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Shirani-Bidabadi ◽  
Ali Reza Zahraei-Ramazani ◽  
Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi ◽  
Amir Ahmad Akhavan ◽  
Mohammad Ali Oshaghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Population ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Susceptibility Status

Background: In domestic and per domestic area,insecticides such as DDT, malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur and, more recently, synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, have been successfully used to control sand flies in many countries. The present study reports the results of time-mortality bioassay to DDT 4%, lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and deltamethrin 0.05% in recently colonized Phlebotomus papatasi populations in Iran. Methods: The insecticide susceptibility status of P. papatasi laboratory population was assessed during 2016–2017, following the standard WHO technique for mosquito (WHO, 2013) based on diagnostic dose. Sand flies collected from rural area of Badrood (Matin Abad), Natanz County, Esfahan Province, using aspirator. Results: Susceptibility test to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed on 3534 laboratory-reared P. papatasi (1746 females and 1788 males). The LT50 and LT90 values were measured using probit analysis and regression lines. The test results against males of  P. papatasi revealed that LT50 values to DDT 4%, Permethrin 0.75%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Cyfluthrin 0.15% and Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05% were 439.28, 108.90, 97.75, 5.00 and 57.84 seconds. The figures for females were 641.62, 136.15, 146.44, 8.71 and 72.69 seconds , respectively. Conclusion: According to presented results, the reared population of sand flies collected from a hyper-endemic region of Esfahan Province is still susceptible to prethroids and Resistance candidate to DDT 4%.  

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae; Larroussius group), the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Northwest of Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yavar Rassi ◽  
AhmadAli Hanafi-Bojd ◽  
Eslam Moradi-Asl ◽  
Davoud Adham ◽  
Abedin Saghafipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Northwest Of Iran

scholarly journals Isolation and Molecular Typing of Leishmania infantum from Phlebotomus perfiliewi in a Re-Emerging Focus of Leishmaniasis, Northeastern Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Mattia Calzolari ◽  
Elena Carra ◽  
Gianluca Rugna ◽  
Paolo Bonilauri ◽  
Federica Bergamini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Repetitive Region ◽  
Microsatellite Typing ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Northeastern Italy ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region ◽  
Phlebotomus Perfiliewi ◽  
Leishmania Parasites

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum is a public health threat in the Emilia-Romagna region, northeastern Italy, but its epidemiology has not been fully elucidated in this area. The objective of this study was to characterize Leishmania infection in sand flies collected in a re-emerging focus of VL in the Bologna province. During the summer of 2016, 6114 sand flies were collected, identified, and tested for Leishmania detection. Of the identified sand flies, 96.5% were Phlebotomus (P.) perfiliewi and 3.5% were P. perniciosus. Detected parasites were characterized by biomolecular methods (multilocus microsatellite typing and characterization of repetitive region on chromosome 31), and quantified by real-time PCR. The prevalence of Leishmania infection in individually-tested P. perfiliewi sand flies varied from 6% to 10% with an increasing trend during the season. Promastigotes of L. infantum were isolated by dissection in one P. perfiliewi female; the isolated strain (Lein-pw) were closely related to Leishmania parasites from VL cases in northeastern Italy, but differed from strains isolated in dogs from the same area. Our findings strongly support the vector status of P. perfiliewi for human VL in the study area.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics and mortality risk factors among COVID-19 patients in Ardabil, Northwest of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davoud Adham ◽  
Shahram Habibzadeh ◽  
Hassan Ghobadi ◽  
Shabnam Asghari Jajin ◽  
Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Runny Nose ◽  
Data Registration ◽  
Northwestern Iran ◽  
Northwest Of Iran ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease highly contagious, is prevalent in all age and sex groups infecting the respiratory system. The present study seeks to investigate the epidemiology and effective factors in mortality of patients with COVID-19 in Ardabil province, northwestern Iran. Methods In a retrospective study, the hospitalized patients with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 between February to August 2020 were enrolled. The data registration portal was designated according to Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education guidelines. In this portal, demographic information, clinical presentation, laboratory and imaging data were registered for patients in all hospitals in the same format. The Hosmer-Lemeshow strategy was used for variable selection in a multiple model. Results Of the patients involved 2812(50.3%) were male and 150 (2.7%) had contact with a confirmed case of COVID-19 in the last 14 days. Pre-existing comorbidity was reported in 1310 (23.4%) patients. Of all patients, 477(8.5%) died due to COVID-19. the result of the multiple logistic regression model indicated that after adjusting for other factors, higher age (OR = 3.11), fever or chills (OR = 1.61), shortness of breath (OR = 1.82), fatigue (OR = 0.71), headache (OR = 0.64), runny nose (OR = 1.54), Skeletal muscle pain (OR = 1.53), hospitalization (OR = 5.66), and hospitalization in ICU (OR = 5.12) were associated with death. Conclusions Hospitalization had the strongest effect on mortality followed by hospitalization in ICU, and higher age. This study showed that having some extra-pulmonary symptoms in contrast with pulmonary symptoms can predict as good prognostic factors.

scholarly journals Sexual and vertical transmission of visceral leishmaniasis

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (04) ◽  
pp. 403-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreia P Turchetti ◽  
Tayse D Souza ◽  
Tatiane A Paixão ◽  
Renato L. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Vertebrate Host ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomine Sand Flies

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum, which has in the domestic dog its principal vertebrate host. VL is usually transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, however atypical routes of transmission have been described. In this review we discuss the the role of sexual and vertical transmissions, and their role in the maintenance of VL in canine populations.

Toxicopathological effects of lambda-cyhalothrin in female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 591-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Basir ◽  
Ahrar Khan ◽  
Riaz Mustafa ◽  
Muhammad Zargham Khan ◽  
Farzana Rizvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Group A ◽  
Dose Dependent

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) on clinical, hematological, biochemical and pathological alterations in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). New Zealand white female rabbits (n = 24) of 4-5 months age having 997.92 ± 32.83 g weight were divided into four equal groups. Group A (control) received normal saline intraperitoneally (ip). Animals in groups B, C and D were treated with LCT 1.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg bw ip. Each group received seven consecutive doses at an interval of 48 hours. Blood and serum samples were collected at an interval of 96 hours. Blood analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in red blood cell and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration and lymphocytes, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils were increased. Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum total proteins and serum albumin, while an increase was seen in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities compared with the control group. Serum globulin values varied non-significantly in all treatment groups as compared to control group. A dose-dependent increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte was observed. All gross and histopathological lesions observed in LCT-treated rabbits were dose-dependent. Liver of the treated rabbits exhibited extensive perihepatitis, hyperplasia of bile duct, necrosis, hemorrhages and congestion. In lungs, there were hemorrhages, thickened alveolar walls, congestion, emphysema, collapsed alveoli and accumulation of extensive inflammatory cells. Kidneys were congested and hemorrhagic whereas renal parenchyma and stroma were normal. Microscopically, heart showed congestion of blood vessels and nuclear pyknosis, myodegeneration. It was concluded from the study that LCT produced toxicopathological alterations in rabbits in a dose-dependent manner. On the basis of the results, it can be suggested that overdosing of LCT be avoided while treating animals for ectoparasites.

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