scholarly journals Survey of Routing Protocols under Realistic Mobility and Traffic

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
pp. 23737-23741
Author(s):  
Suman Kumar Shriramoju ◽  
Dr.N. Satyanarayana
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Software Performance ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Bit Rate ◽  
Constant Bit Rate ◽  
Manet Routing ◽  
Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks are a dynamic and unpredictable community topology. There are numerous routing protocols that have been proposed for MANETs. Maximum pervious research centered on improving the present routing protocols or designing new routing algorithms. In our work, we investigated and compared the effect of mobility models on routing protocols for various site visitors instructions in MANETs. There have been many factors that affected the overall performance of routing protocols which include mobility and visitors styles. We designed several simulation models that added these factors together and measured the software performance in terms of end -to-end throughput (bit rate), latency, and jitter. three instructions of MANET routing algorithms (Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid),  mobility models (Random Waypoint and group), and three instructions of visitors styles (constant bit rate, variable bit rate, and random) have been used.

scholarly journals Determining an optimum zone radius for zone routing protocol (ZRP) based on node mobility

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1230
Author(s):  
Khalid W. Al-Ani ◽  
Salman Yussof ◽  
Hussein M. Haglan ◽  
Hothefa Shaker ◽  
Linda Mahdi Alani
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Node Mobility ◽  
Hybrid Routing ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
Reactive Routing ◽  
Manet Routing ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Zone Radius

Mobility is one of the important issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET). By definition, MANET nodes are free to move around and this may cause difficulty in routing. MANET routing protocols must consider this factor when making routing decision. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid routing protocol, which utilizes the proactive and reactive routing protocols advantages. ZRP proactively maintains routing information within a routing zone, while reactively discovering routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. Since ZRP is based on the concept of routing zone, determining an optimum routing zone radius has the major impact on the performance of that protocol. In this research, we studied the effect of zone radius on the performance of ZRP with different levels of node mobility. Node mobility is defined using two different parameters: node speed and pause time. Based on the simulation results, ZRP protocol using zone radius of two provides the best packet delivery fraction, throughput and normalized routing load. However, a larger zone radius will provide a lower delay.

Efficient Mechanisms and Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in VANETs for Realistic Scenarios

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Bouras ◽  
Vaggelis Kapoulas ◽  
Enea Tsanai
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Traffic Efficiency ◽  
Pattern Movement ◽  
Manet Routing ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are considered as a special case of mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and are recently gaining a great attention from the research community. The need for improved road safety, traffic efficiency and direct communication along with the great complexity in routing, makes VANETs a highly challenging field. Routing in VANETs has to adapt to special characteristics such as high speed and road pattern movement as well as high linkage break probability. In this work, the authors show that traditional MANET routing protocols cannot efficiently handle the challenges in a VANET environment and thus need further modifications. For this reason, they propose and implement an enhancement mechanism, applied to the GPSR routing protocol that adapts to the needs of a VANET. The proposed mechanism's performance is evaluated through simulation sets for urban and highway scenarios and compared to the performance of the most common MANET routing protocols adopted in VANETs. The proposed enhancement is shown to be considerably beneficial and it significantly outperforms the rest of the tested routing protocols for almost every topology setting.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS EVALUATION OF A NEW MANET ROUTING PROTOCOL IN NS-2

2013 ◽  
pp. 241-244
Author(s):  
MONALI SAHOO ◽  
ASHISH CHAURASIA
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Manet Routing ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) can be defined as a collection of large number of mobile nodes that form temporary network without aid of any existing network infrastructure or central access point. The Efficient routing protocols can provide significant benefits to mobile ad hoc networks, in terms of both performance and reliability. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far. The main method for evaluating the performance of MANETs is simulation. The Network Simulator is a discrete event driven simulator. The goal of ns-2 is to support networking ,research, and education. In this paper we create a new Routing Protocol called My Router step by step in Ns-2.Then we evaluate its performance based on several parameters such as Packet Delivery Ratio , End to End Delay etc and compare it with MANET routing protocol OLSR .

scholarly journals Mobility Impact on MANET Routing Protocols In Grid Networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2691-2702
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Mir Ali Al-Quzwini ◽  
Zeinab R. Khaleel
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Transmission Time ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Grid Networks ◽  
Manet Routing ◽  
Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETS) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that are able to dynamically form a temporary network without any aid from fixed infrastructure or centralized administration due to no wired backbone.Ad Hoc networks are formed spontaneously and the nodes are highly mobile.Thispaper presents performance evaluations, comparisons, andanalysis for three routing protocols (AODV, DSR, and OLSR)to bring out their relative meritsundervarying network size and mobilitywith  various speed and pause times. The simulation is carried out using OMNET++ simulator based on the quantitative basic parameters like throughput, Packet transmission Ratio (PTR),packet transmission time delay and protocol overhead .The  nodes are distributed randomly in a grid network topology and mobile nodes moving using Random Waypoint mobility models. The results demonstrate that, undervarious node speeds and pause timesfor different network size, AODVoutperforms DSR and OLSR protocols, with respect to networkthroughput (by 0.9% and 4.4%, respectively). For protocoloverhead,DSR has lower overhead than both AODV and OLSR protocols (by 13.4% and 65.5%, respectively). In contrast, thepacket transmission time delay when using OLSR is shorter than whenusing both AODV (by 81.7%) and DSR (by 76.7%). 

scholarly journals A Review of Various Swarm Intelligence Based Routing Protocols for Iot

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
Shailja Agnihotri ◽  
K.R. Ramkumar
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Swarm Intelligence ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Link Failures ◽  
Routing Mechanism ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Insight Into

The paper provides insight into various swarm intelligence based routing protocols for Internet of Things (IoT), which are currently available for the Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). There are several issues which are limiting the growth of Internet of Things. These include the reliability, link failures, routing, heterogeneity etc. The MANETs and WSNs routing issues impose almost same requirements for IoT routing mechanism. The recent work of the worldwide researchers is focused on this area. protocols are based on the principles of swarm intelligence. The swarm intelligence is applied to achieve the optimality and the efficiency in solving the complex, multi-hop and dynamic requirements of the wireless networks. The application of the ACO technique tries to provide answers to many routing issues. Using the swarm intelligence and ant colony optimization principles, it has been seen that, the protocols’ efficiency definitely increases and also provides more scope for the development of more robust, reliable and efficient routing protocols for the IoT. As the various standard protocols available for MANETs and WSNs are not reliable enough, the paper finds the need of some efficient routing algorithms for IoT.

Intrusion Finding Techniques for Collaboration of Node in Mobile ad hoc network (MANET)

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1and2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoshiyar Singh Kanyal ◽  
Prof. (Dr.) S. Rahamatkar ◽  
Dr. B. K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Secure Protocol ◽  
Misbehaving Nodes ◽  
Manet Routing ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

Since there is no infrastructure in mobile ad hoc networks, each node must rely on other nodes for cooperation in routing and forwarding packets to the destination. Intermediate nodes might agree to forward the packets but actually drop or modify them because they are misbehaving. The simulations in show that only a few misbehaving nodes can degrade the performance of the entire system. There are several proposed techniques and protocols to detect such misbehavior in order to avoid those nodes, and some schemes also propose punishment as well. It is very difficult to design once-for-all intrusion detection techniques. Instead, an incremental enhancement strategy may be more feasible. A secure protocol should at least include mechanisms against known attack types. In addition, it should provide a scheme to easily add new security features in the future. Due to the importance of MANET routing protocols, we focus on the detection of attacks targeted at MANET routing protocols This include WatchDog and Pathrater approach. A watchdog identifies the misbehaving nodes by eavesdropping on the transmission of the next hop. A path rater then helps to find the routes that do not contain those nodes. In DSR, the routing information is defined at the source node. This routing information is passed together with the message through intermediate nodes until it reaches the destination.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach to Comparative Analysis of Legacy and Nature Inspired Ant Colony Optimization based Routing Protocol in MANET

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Ahmed Alameri
Keyword(s):  
Ant Colony Optimization ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ant Colony ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Manet Routing ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

Performance, scalability, Quality of Service (QoS), users’ response, etc. of any network depends upon the efficient network design and communication technologies being exploited. Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have become widespread due to their zero-configuration requirements, scalability, maintenance and adaptable nature to cater varying requirements. The core process of any network is routing which is performed by routing protocols. Routing protocols play a crucial role to enhance and improve the performance indicators of any network. Traditional MANET routing protocols have been failed to address growing demands of wireless mobile ad hoc network. In this paper we study and compare a nature inspired Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm with legacy of MANET protocols. Simulation results show that ACO algorithm has high potential to be used in large scale MANET or other wireless networks. We compared ACO with proactive and reactive routing protocols because despite of their weaknesses these types of protocols are still being used in different and same wireless arrangements.

The impact of varying sinks on load distribution in IoT routing under static and mobile scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raad S. Al-Qassas
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Load Distribution ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
The Impact

: The majority of routing algorithms proposed for IoT can be categorized under modifications on routing protocols designated for IoT such as RPL objective functions enhancements, others are enhancements on routing algorithms derived from those which were designed for ad hoc networks. We have thoroughly investigated the literature on these modifications or enhancements. However, there is a lack for an in depth study to examine the impact of mobility and varying number of sinks on routing algorithms based on MRHOF and OF0. In this study we examine their ability in distributing the load with the impact of variating number of sink nodes under static and mobile scenarios. This has been conducted using various metrics including regular metrics such as throughput and power consumption, and newly derived metrics including packets load deviation and power deviation which are derived for the purpose of measuring load distribution.

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