scholarly journals Towards a Philosophy of Human Technology: Outlook on cognitive enhancements in Avatar/ Virtual Reality schizophrenia therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Alexander Gerner

This article hinges on a complex and interdisciplinary field of study named “Philosophy of Human Technology” in which a first non-exhaustive map of ethical, legal and social, technological issues is presented: Technologies constitute, magnify, amplify human experiences, but can also enslave or put human experience and life at risk for example what concerns the right to a “private Life”. The second part of this paper proposes to think three possible interfaces of the topic of Human Cognitive Enhancement. Firstly the Body-electronic interface such as in the organ-on a chip simulation of an externalized human organ function, secondly the optogenetic and general genetic “editing” interface in which new technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 open up questions for the future of human beings and our self-determination. Third -and more explicitly- the virtual-immersive interface, exemplified by cognitive enhancement by Avatar schizophrenia therapy and uncanny valley effects of digital body doubles will be introduced. The classic rubber-hand illusion had brought new insights into the plasticity of the body- image and the embodiment of the self, by underlining the strong influence of exteroception for the transformation of the bodily self. We will follow these thoughts on Avatar enhancements in schizophrenia therapy and scrutinize as well research ethical issues. Finally a short outlook on the question of two different types of technological detachment in tension in a Philosophy of Human Technology in which Cognitive Enhancement technologies are subjected to two types of technological detachments a) material/somatic substitution and b) detachment as a topos of independence and autonomy is hinted on.

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (03) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Shridhar Sharma

ABSTRACTEthics is the Science of morals in human conduct. However, ethics and morals are not same. The ethics is based on certain principles, which include 'Respect for Person and Justice'. This principle is not in total conformity with Hippocratic tradition, where Physician is given a 'Position of Paternalism'. The basic idea of 'justice' is that all human beings are equally valuable. Similarly, the principle of liberty is the right to self determination but what is the use of this right that can not be fulfilled. These basic principles are evolving and are constantly posing problems in every health care institution and are a challenge to every Physician.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asuman Kaya

Health news has a special position due to both their corporate significance and being for the special/private areas of the readers. They also directly influence the health right, which is one of the fundamental, irreplaceable, nontransferable rights of the individual and based on the “value of being human”. The health news which is made inattentively or false can lead to ending an individual’s life or reducing the life quality of an individual.In this regard, in this study, which aims to reveal the ethical principles of health journalism in Turkey within the framework of social responsibility theory in relation to health journalism which requires a privileged responsibility and attention, a qualitative approach was adopted where the data was collected through document analysis and interviews.As a result, the health journalist needs to observe personal rights and act responsibly in order to avoid disrupting the body unity of a person, adversely affect the life quality of a person and avoid preventing the right to access to equal and quality health services in his professional journalist behaviors while producing news. Within this framework, the Ethical Principles of Health Journalism which should be taken into consideration by the journalist in the production process of the health news are as follows: Principle of not harming, principles of honesty and objectivity, principles of privacy and private life, principle of equity.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetSağlık haberleri hem taşıdıkları kamusal önem hem de okuyucuların özel/mahrem alanlarına yönelik olmaları nedeniyle özel bir konuma sahiptir. Aynı zamanda kaynağını insanın “insan olma değeri”nden alan ve bireyin temel, vazgeçilemez, devredilemez haklarından biri olan sağlık hakkını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Özensiz, eksik veya yanlış yapılan bir sağlık haberi, bireyin yaşamının sonlanmasına veya yaşam kalitesinin düşmesine neden olabilmektedir.Bu bağlamda ayrıcalıklı bir sorumluluk ve özen gerektiren sağlık haberciliği ile ilgili olarak, Türkiye’de sağlık haberciliği etik ilkelerinin ortaya konulması amaçlandığı çalışmada, verilerin doküman incelemesi ve görüşme yoluyla toplandığı nitel yaklaşım benimsenmiştir.Sonuç olarak sağlık habercisinin haber üretiminde profesyonel gazetecilik davranışlarının gereğiyle, kişinin vücut bütünlüğünü bozmamak, yaşam kalitesini olumsuz etkilememek, eşit ve kaliteli sağlık hizmetine ulaşma hakkını engellememek adına, kişilik haklarını da gözeterek, sorumlu davranmasının gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çerçevede gazetecinin sağlık haberi üretim sürecinde göz önünde bulundurması gereken Sağlık Haberciliği Etik İlkeleri; zarar vermeme ilkesi, doğruluk ve objektiflik ilkesi, mahremiyet ve özel hayat ilkesi, hakkaniyet ilkesi olarak belirlenmiştir.


Law and World ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-59

The paper addresses the basic rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of Georgia, in particular, issues related to personal data. The development of information technology has had a significant impact on the dangers of illegal processing of personal data. The European Court of Human Rights considers the inviolability of private life as a precondition for human autonomy, independent development and protection of human dignity. According to the norms of international law, the right to respect for private life is recognized as one of the most important and fundamental rights, the protection of which is indicated by the legislation of Georgia. The aim of the paper is to analyze the legislation and practice of police law in the field of protection of the right to privacy and to offer relevant recommendations, taking into account the standards set by European and national courts. Human rights legislation must ensure the protection of all human beings against the abuse of state power. Interference with rights must be based on the principle of proportionality. The use of policing should not pose an excessive threat of fundamental human rights violations. Interference with a particular right must be done under principle of proportionality to achieve a certain public good. In clarifying the issue of alleged violation of the right, special attention should be paid to the severity and probability of the expected threat to legal good. The Constitution of Georgia, EU and Council of Europe data protection standards, national legislation, as well as the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the National Constitutional Court are analyzed around the topic. In addition, the reports of the State Inspector, the Public Defender and the relevant scientific literature are used to study the above issues.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-157
Author(s):  
Lesya Chesnokova

The article examines the individual’s right to information privacy as an opportunity to have a non-public area of life. It is argued that a person, being a vulnerable creature, feels the need for secrecy, closeness and opacity of his or her personality. The right to information privacy does not mean complete concealment of private life, but the possibility of regulating access, when individuals can choose whom, when and to what extent to reveal the details of their lives. This presupposes both a person who feels him or herself to be an autonomous person and a society that respects his or her rights and freedoms. There is a duty of restraint and tact, which prohibits violating someone else’s privacy. As one of the aspects of privacy, in addition to the inviolability of the body and home, the human right to information protection is recognized. The theoretical foundation of the right to privacy is the philosophy of liberalism, which protects the individual from unwanted interference from the state and society. The need for private space has evolved in human history along with the growth of individualism. Currently, the right to information privacy is gaining special relevance in connection with the development of digital technologies that allow collecting, storing and processing large amounts of data. As a result, a person, on the one hand, does not know who, when and for what purpose collects his or her data, and, on the other hand, he or she often voluntarily, in connection with the need for social recognition, leaves information about him or herself on social networks. As a result of such actions, the loss of control over personal information can lead to undesirable consequences.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (57) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Márcio Túlio VIANA ◽  
Maria Cecília Máximo TEODORO ◽  
Karin Bhering ANDRADE

ABSTRACT Objectives: The human being is living in times when extreme individuality and self feelings are overvalued and praised. Each day self promotion is increasingly sought by the individual. Through Instagram, for example, pictures are posted in order to achieve a greater number of likes. Through the social media, love, desire, happiness and individual feelings are publicly shown. In the new capitalistic wealth accumulation logic, corporations like Facebook, Google, among others, are constantly capturing such individual moments to be traded off for profits, and no one is noticing, or if someone is noticing, is not aware that is all constantly watched. This article intends to review how these new controlling technologies can be prejudicial to workers. Methodology: The methodology used is dialogical deductive, through bibliographic research for construction and development of research, having as main thinkers Michel Focault, Zygmunt Bauman and Jeremy Bentham. Results: One of the conclusions of the author is that in a surveillance environment by the employer, there will only be a power relation, when the employee is able to act as an active person – both in accepting and subverting his role – before such surveillance. In the contrary, it will not be a power relation but rather a mere coercion relation. And if there is not a power exercise, there is not an exercise of liberty either. Contributions: The article seeks the reader's attention on the extraction of surplus value, which today seems not only to be the surplus of the workforce, but also the happiness and subjectivity of the worker. As a contribution, the author highlights the new invasive surveillance of the employer as well as the shadow side of the marketing and unnecessary consumption to enrich companies to the detriment of individuals. The employer, seeking greater productivity and profit and due to the advancement of new technologies, controls his worker, either inside or outside the workplace. The worker, therefore, without the right to disconnect, is constantly monitored during the workday and also in his moments of rest.KEYWORDS: Controlling of the work force; discipline; social media; private lives; The Bentham system; Labor law. RESUMO Objetivos: Vivem-se tempos de valorização da subjetividade do eu. Cada dia mais busca-se uma autoafirmação. Por meio do Instagram, por exemplo, fotos são postadas com a pretensão de ganhar os famosos likes. Através das redes sociais, demonstram-se afetos, desejos, prazeres, felicidades, subjetividades. Paralelamente, na nova lógica de acumulação capitalista, empresas como Instagram, Facebook, Google, entre outras, estão constantemente capturando essas subjetividades em troca de lucro e não se percebe, ou se percebe e não se toma consciência, que todos são constantemente vigiados. Este artigo pretende analisar como esse controle acentuado por essa nova lógica de acumulação pode prejudicar o trabalhador. Metodologia: A metodologia utilizada é dedutiva dialógica, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica para construção e desenvolvimento da pesquisa, tomando-se como principais pensadores Michel Focault, Zygmunt Bauman e Jeremy Bentham. Resultados: Uma das conclusões do autor é que, em um ambiente de vigilância por parte do empregador, haverá apenas uma relação de poder, quando o empregado puder atuar como uma pessoa ativa - tanto na aceitação quanto na subversão de seu papel - antes dessa vigilância. Pelo contrário, não será uma relação de poder, mas uma mera relação de coerção. E se não há um exercício de poder, também não há um exercício de liberdade. Contribuições: O artigo busca a atenção do leitor sobre a extração da mais valia, que, hoje, não parecer ser apenas o excedente da força de trabalho, mas também a felicidade e a subjetividade do trabalhador. Como contribuição, o autor destaca a nova vigilância invasiva do empregador, bem como o lado sombrio do marketing e do consumo desnecessário para enriquecer as empresas em detrimento das pessoas. O empregador, buscando maior produtividade e lucro e devido ao avanço das novas tecnologias, controla seu trabalhador, seja dentro do trabalho ou fora dele. O trabalhador, portanto, sem direito à desconexão, encontra-se constantemente monitorado durante a jornada de trabalho e também em seus momentos de descanso. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Vigilância; controle; disciplina; redes sociais; vida privada; Panóptico de Bentham; Direito do Trabalho.


2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
Bjørn Hofmann

INTRODUCTION:Human enhancement technologies need assessments, but they differ from other health technologies. Therefore we may need other methods for their assessment, also with regard to addressing its ethical issues. The objective of this paper is to describe the elaboration of a method for exposing and elucidating ethical issues with human cognitive enhancement. The approach is elaborated in order to support and facilitate open and transparent deliberation and decision making with an emerging type of technology with great potential and formative implications for individuals and society.METHODS:The literature search identified relevant approaches. Conventional content analysis of the identified papers and methods revealed their suitability for assessing human cognitive enhancement. Four selection criteria were applied and followed by method development. Pilot testing on smart-glasses (1) resulted in amendments.RESULTS:A method for exposing and elucidating ethical issues in the assessment of human cognitive enhancement technologies was developed based on three existing approaches in Health Technology Assessment (HTA) (2). The method consists of six steps and a guiding list of forty-three questions. An overview of the approach will be presented.CONCLUSIONS:A method for exposing and elucidating ethical issues in the assessment of human cognitive enhancement has been developed. The method paves the way for context specific ethical assessment and analysis of a new and emerging type of technology.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pier Luigi Gentili

AbstractThe goals and targets included in the 2030 Agenda compiled by the United Nations want to stimulate action in areas of critical importance for humanity and the Earth. These goals and targets regard everyone on Earth from both the health and economic and social perspectives. Reaching these goals means to deal with Complex Systems. Therefore, Complexity Science is undoubtedly valuable. However, it needs to extend its scope and focus on some specific objectives. This article proposes a development of Complexity Science that will bring benefits for achieving the United Nations’ aims. It presents a list of the features shared by all the Complex Systems involved in the 2030 Agenda. It shows the reasons why there are certain limitations in the prediction of Complex Systems’ behaviors. It highlights that such limitations raise ethical issues whenever new technologies interfere with the dynamics of Complex Systems, such as human beings and the environment. Finally, new methodological approaches and promising research lines to face Complexity Challenges included in the 2030 Agenda are put forward.


Author(s):  
Rocci Luppicini

Human identity and the meaning attached to being human have been shaped throughout human history by the entrenchment of new technologies and the cultivation of new human-technological relationships in life and society. This is particularly salient within contemporary society where the rise of digital culture and human enhancement technologies allow for human-technological relationships that directly challenge traditional conceptions of human nature and what it means to be human. New digital technologies and human enhancement technologies offer unique opportunities to improve the human condition by augmenting human abilities and practices in life and society. In response, a growing body of scholarly work focusing on the changing nature of human-technological relationships has nurtured in the emerging field of Technoself Studies (TSS). The purpose of this chapter is to trace the recent emergence of this new interdisciplinary field of research by exploring its conceptual development, important issues, and key areas of current technoself scholarship. The first part of this chapter provides a rationale, introduces key concepts, and presents a skeletal overview of key developments underlying Technoself Studies. The second part identifies key areas and issues in technoself research.


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