scholarly journals Ascending Reticular Activating System of the Brain

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Kovalzon
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Ascending Reticular Activating System ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Arousal Reaction

There were two stages in the history of the studies on ascending reticular activating system of the brain (ARAS). The first stage began with the ARAS discovery by Magoun and Moruzzi and the following investigations using the methods of stimulation and lesion at that time mainly in acute cats. These studies led to the hypothesis of a “diffuse” and “unspecific” ARAS of the brain stem. The second stage was associated with using more precise neurophysiological and histochemical methods mainly in chronically operated free-moving cats and rats. By 2010, the idea of the ARAS as an organized hierarchy of the cerebral “waking centers” distributed along the entire cerebral axis and releasing all the known neuromediators of low molecular weight together with the most important neuropeptides was formulated. To date, the aforementioned hypothesis has been revised again. The glutamatergic activating system has been discovered and described in detail. Presumably, this system is responsible for the appearance of electroencephalogram (EEG) arousal reaction and maintenance of the neocortex in the state of tonic depolarization during wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Its destruction results in a deep comatose-like state. At the same time, the activity of all other “waking centers” is probably the result of the cortical activation.

scholarly journals Grammatical sensitivity: a correlational-explanatory study on brain dominance and Efl training to improve gains

2011 ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Muriel Oyarce Piraud
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Abstract Reasoning ◽  
Brain Dominance ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Grammatical Sensitivity ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Brain

This article provides a report on a finished piece of research. The study is divided into two stages. Firstly, the brain dominance and grammatical sensitivity of Pedagogy and Medical students in a Chilean university were measured. The correlation of both variables shows that Medical students are better at grammatical sensitivity than Pedagogy students and that left-brain dominance involves higher levels of grammatical sensitivity than right-brain dominance. The instruments used in this stage were: 1) a grammatical sensitivity pre-test (used to assess the students’ levels in this variable), 2) a brain dominance instrument (used to determine the cerebral preferences of the students) and 3) an abstract reasoning test (which measures a person’s ability to identify non numerical or verbal patterns). In the second stage, Pedagogy students underwent a five-session training aimed at improving their grammatical sensitivity. After the training was over, we administered a grammatical sensitivity post- test whose results were compared with the ones in the pre-test; the purpose was to determine if the training could improve the students’ performance in this variable. It was concluded that the training was successful since their grammatical sensitivity improved in 20%. In addition, most students with high attendance to the training (over 80%) improved their grammatical sensitivity after attending it.

A Case of Musicogenic Epilepsy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankkita Sharma Bhandari ◽  
Mandaville Gourie-Devi ◽  
Praveen Kumar ◽  
Laxmi Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Abnormal Signal ◽  
Recent Onset ◽  
History Of ◽  
Abnormal Signal Intensity ◽  
Musicogenic Epilepsy ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Video Eeg

AbstractMusicogenic epilepsy is a relatively rare form of epilepsy characterized by seizures triggered by specific music experiences, with an estimated prevalence of 1/10,000,000 population. We report a case of 12-year-old boy with a history of recent onset focal seizures associated with an aura of formed visual hallucinations, feeling of familiarity (déjà vu), and impending fear lasting for seconds to a minute followed by eye blinking, oral automatisms, and unresponsiveness for almost 15 minutes. These episodes, most often, were provoked by music. Video electroencephalogram (EEG) done in our institute was suggestive of reflex musicogenic epilepsy arising from the left anterior temporal lobe. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain 3T with epilepsy protocol confirmed video EEG findings, with an abnormal signal intensity in the left hippocampal and mesial temporal lobe. Treatment included lifestyle modification and antiepileptic drugs.

XI.—The Geology and Vegetation of Late-glacial Retreat Stages in Scotland

1958 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Donner
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Lake Sediments ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Glacial Retreat ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Glacial Periods

SynopsisThe last major retreat stages of the ice in Scotland have been correlated with the different periods of vegetational history as shown by pollen diagrams. The end-moraines can be divided into two stages, the first stage being the Perth Readvance Moraine, during which the ice extended outside the Highlands. The Aberdeen Readvance Moraine probably also belongs to the same stage. During the second stage, here called the Highland Readvance, valley glaciers reached to the mouths of the Highland valleys where small moraine ridges were formed.Samples from mainly lake sediments near the moraine were studied, and the pollen diagrams from them show the general vegetational history of the Late-glacial and Post-glacial periods. The same zones as in other parts of the British Isles are used in the diagrams.The geological and pollen analytical evidence suggests that the Highland Readvance Moraine was formed during the Late-glacial Zone III, and that the Perth Readvance is older than the Alleröd interstadial. The Highland Readvance can now be correlated with the moraines in Scandinavia, the Alps and North America, where they already have been dated.

V.—On the Interpretation of Electroencephalic Potentials

1944 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Beevers
Keyword(s):  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Elementary Unit ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Electrical Potentials ◽  
Important Means ◽  
The Many ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Brain

Electroencephalography has added another important means of investigation of cerebral activity and functioning to the many others previously at our disposal. In applying it, as with the other investigative methods, it is important that we should have clearly in mind exactly what facts it is able to demonstrate and what interpretations we are justified in making of the observed facts. This process of interpretation is difficult partly because it is a two-stage one; the electrical potentials observed are those on the surface of the scalp and these must first be referred back to potential sources (i.e. electrical charges) in the brain itself. These latter must then be interpreted in terms of activities of nerve cells and nerve fibres. The first of these two stages belongs entirely to the sphere of mathematical physics, and the present paper is an attempt to present a working hypothesis which not only suggests a solution of this stage of the problem, but suggests a probable solution of the second stage. The second stage properly belongs to the sphere of physiology, but progress here is rendered difficult by lack of decisive knowledge as to the nature of the elementary unit of central nervous activity.

scholarly journals Laser-Induced Evoked Potentials in the Brain after Nonperceptible Optical Stimulation at the Neiguan Acupoint: A Preliminary Report

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Litscher ◽  
Guenther Bauernfeind ◽  
Gernot Mueller-Putz ◽  
Christa Neuper
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Ascending Reticular Activating System ◽  
Cerebral Evoked Potentials ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
Joint Study ◽  
Laser Needle ◽  
Medical University ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Needle Stimulation

We report on small but reproducible human cerebral evoked potentials after bilateral nonperceptible laser needle (658 nm, 40 mW, 500 μm, 1 Hz) irradiation of the Neiguan acupoint (PC6). The results which are unique in scientific literature were obtained in a 26-year-old female healthy volunteer within a joint study between the Medical University of Graz, the Karl-Franzens University of Graz, and the Graz University of Technology. The findings of the 32-channel evoked potential analysis indicate that exposure to laser needle stimulation with a frequency of 1 Hz can modulate the ascending reticular activating system. Further studies are absolutely necessary to confirm or refute the preliminary findings.

Joule, Mayer, and Others: A Decade-and-a-Half-Long Debate over Priority in the Discovery of the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 609
Author(s):  
Boris Bulyubash
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Mechanical Equivalent ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
Private Correspondence ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Of Edinburgh ◽  
William Thomson ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The University

This article reviews the history of a debate over priority in the discovery of the mechanical equivalent of heat that was centered around J. P. Joule and J. R. von Mayer. The following two stages may be distinguished in this debate. During the first stage, those involved in it were Joule and Mayer themselves. While Mayer presented a numerical value for the mechanical equivalent of heat, which was based on the data from Gay-Lussac’s experiment, Joule determined the value of this coefficient in his own experiment although he did it later than Mayer (actually, Joule was unaware of Gay-Lussac’s experiment). This article shows that, in the end, Joule and William Thomson, who also participated in the debate, recognized (even though formally and with reservations) Mayer’s priority. During the second stage of the debate, its participants were British scientists who supported Mayer or Joule. Thus, Mayer’s priority was supported by Professor J. Tyndall of the Royal Institution in London and it was he who initiated the resumption of the discussion. Joule’s priority was advocated by Professor W. Thomson of the University of Glasgow and Professor P. Tait of the University of Edinburgh. It is noted that a personal animosity between Tyndall and Tait, as well as Tyndall’s competitive attitude towards Thomson, had a significant impact on the tone of the debate, and the examples of Tait’s provocative remarks and Tyndall’s reactions are provided. Joule’s involvement during the second stage of the debate that was mostly limited to private correspondence between himself, Tait, Thomson, and Tyndall, is discussed. Over the time elapsed after the first stage of the debate, the level of rejection of Mayer’s arguments by the scientific community had decreased significantly. The awarding of the Royal Society’s Copley Medal to Joule (1870) and Mayer (1871), both of them nominated by Tyndall, came as a symbolic conclusion of the debate.

Consultation with the specialist

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 204-207
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Rubenstein
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Altered Consciousness ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Good General Health ◽  
Ascending Reticular Activating System ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Case Presentation A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by ambulance after being found "unresponsive" by his parents. He has been in good general health, has had no fever or other symptoms of infectious processes, has been taking no medications, and was "his normal self" until immediately prior to being found. Patients who are unresponsive and unarousable are in coma. The term altered consciousness represents the spectrum of abnormalities that exists between the immediate capability for normal wakefulness and true coma. For the purposes of this review, the two terms will be used interchangeably because their causes are similar and usually differ only in severity. Pathophysiology Two areas of the brain are responsible for consciousness: the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) and the cerebral cortex. The ARAS is located in the brain stem from the level of the medulla to the level of the midbrain and sends multiple afferent neurons to the cortex. Disruption of this system can lead to disorders of consciousness. The cerebral cortex is the much more common site where dysfunction can cause coma. Any injury or illness that affects the cerebral cortex globally can cause coma or altered consciousness. Differential Diagnosis Altered consciousness in children can be caused by injuries or illnesses that affect the central nervous system directly or can be a manifestation of other systemic disease (Table 1).

Cochlear implantation in a patient with grand mal epilepsy

1998 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Szilvassy ◽  
Jeno Czigner ◽  
Istvan Somogyi ◽  
Jozsef Jori ◽  
Jozsef G. Kiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Epileptic Focus ◽  
Hearing Improvement ◽  
Acoustic Nerve ◽  
Grand Mal ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractA case is reported in which a Nucleus 22 channel intracochlear implant was used to treat a deaf Hungarian woman (aged 37 years) with a 34-year history of grand mal (GM) epilepsy maintained on carbamazepinediazepam combination therapy who had not benefited from conventional hearing aids. Pre-operative electrical stimulation of the acoustic nerve, however, exhibited a good nerve function with no evidence of abnormal waveforms in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Successful intracochlear insertion of the 22 electrode resulted in a 40 dB hearing improvement at frequencies 250–2000 Hz in the implanted ear with no signs of pathologic wave activity at either the previously recognized epileptic focus (fronto-precentral region) or indeed, in other regions of the brain at use of the implant. We conclude that intracochlear implantation per se is not a hazardous intervention in patients with fronto-precentral epileptic foci.

scholarly journals Temporal cost-of-living index: from the generation of conception to the applied assessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Kozlova
Keyword(s):  
Price Index ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Indicator Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bureau Of Labor Statistics ◽  
Cost Of Living Index

The purpose of this paper consists in the identification of historical development pattern of the cost-of-living index, which is a significant price indicator of macroeconomic process.Materials and methods. The analysis of the cost-of-living index conception in dynamics is realized on the base of the foreign (American and West European) periodical data, also on the base of bulletins of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The methods of research is an analysis of generated conceptions of the cost-of-living index, mathematically well-founded selection of possible formulae of cost-of-living index, empirical justification of hypotheses about the ratio of the cost-of-living index and other indexes, the numerical estimation of bias calculated in relation of the cost-of-living index.Results. The history of cost-of-living index development was divided into two stages, the boundary between two stages is 1945, when the price index, which was calculated before this moment and named the cost-of-living index, was renamed the consumer price index. The first stage (from the middle of 1910th to 1945) was described by the first accumulation of data and researches. The most part of researches consists of the survey papers and articles estimating the modern methods of cost-of living index assessment. In addition, there are some articles about the conception of cost-of-living index ant its formulae that are the base of researches after 1945. On the second stage when the investigations of cost-of-living index and consumer price index were divided, the most part of articles consists of the mathematical selection and proofs concerning the detection of the sphere of determinant to cost-of-living index of indicators (income and expenditure, used technology, family structure), also concerning the inclusion and connection of cost-of-living index in the context of economics. Empirical works of the second stage confirm some theoretical ideas on the base of national statistics.Conclusion. The temporal cost-of-living index is the significant indicator not only of price process in the national economy, also dynamics marker of the standard of living. The effort to attract the attention to cost-of-living index will allow methodically enriching the economic researches and generating the ways of this indicator development. Among the ways it needs to mark out the calculating “alternative” consumer price indexes with due regard to approximation to cost-of-living index, realization of econometric investigation on the base of Russian statistics and intensification of the theoretical analysis on the base of conception of the true cost-of-living index by A. Konüs.

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