scholarly journals Application of FAO-CROPWAT Modelling on Estimation of Irrigation Scheduling for Paddy Cultivation in Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Narmilan ◽  
M. Sugirtharan
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Irrigation Requirement ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
The North ◽  
June July ◽  
Irrigation Requirements

Agriculture sector is one of the main sources of income in the North eastern and some of the North western parts of Sri Lanka. Over the past decade, many countries around the world have witnessed a growing scarcity and competition for water among different users. Since Agriculture is the major user of water, improving agricultural water management is essential to any irrigation management approach specially to apply the exact amount of water to the field in order to meet crop water requirement. This study aims to estimate water requirement of rice by using the model CROPWAT. According to the study, effective rainfall was found to be 601mm and 133 mm in Maha and Yala season respectively. Total crop water requirements are 349 mm and 436 mm in Maha and Yala season respectively. Irrigation scheduling carried out by CROPWAT revealed that, the gross irrigation requirement is 473 mm and net irrigation requirement is 331 mm. Net scheme irrigation requirements are 40, 106, 100 and 22 mm per month in May, June, July and August respectively. Further, flow of net scheme irrigation requirements is found to be 0.15, 0.41, 0.37 and 0.08 l/s/ha in May, June, July and August respectively. Therefore, the model for planning of irrigation water requirements of rice is very important for efficient utilization of water and to meet the possible change of climate in agricultural sector.

scholarly journals Manajemen Irigasi Pembibitan Sawit (Elaeis guineensis) Presisi dengan Cropwat 8.0

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Lisma Safitri
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Crop Water Requirement ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Crop Water Requirements

The accurate water use information at each stage of plant growth is important to better understand the efficient and precise crop water requirement for optimal plant productivity. Nurseries of palm oil are a phase where young palm oil requires extra maintenance, particularly in meeting the plant water needs. The palm oil in the nursery phase require the regular irrigation schedule due to the vulnerable root systems. The purpose of this study was to calculate the oil palm water requirement with Cropwat 8.0 toward the precise irrigation management and provide a scenario for irrigation scheduling in palm oil nursery. The study was conducted in palm oil main nurseries at KP2 Instiper Yogyakarta with site-specific climate data and soil properties. The method used is analyzing climate data and soil properties and simulating crop water requirements, actual water use and irrigation scheduling with Cropwat 8.0. Based on the results, the average of crop water requirement (ETP) of palm oil in main nursery is 3.4 mm / day. Based on the water deficit scenario from rainfall and crop water requirements, irrigation is scheduling in April for 1.4 mm, May for 18.3 mm, June for  3.5 mm, July for 44.1 mm and August for 42.8 mm. On a daily scale and taking into account the availability of soil moisture and the water retention of plant roots, the net irrigation scheduling is given at an average of 2.2 mm / day and gross irrigation of 6 mm / day which is given daily depending on rainfall and plant age.

scholarly journals Model based irrigation water application of maize (zeamays l.) to improve water productivity in irrigated agriculture

2020 ◽  
pp. 37918-37925
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Irrigation Requirements

Under the semiarid and arid climate of Eastern Europe, accurate estimation of crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling is important for water management and planning. The objectives of this study were to estimate maize water requirement and irrigation scheduling in variable climatic conditions. CROPWAT model is decision support system developed by United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and it is used as a practical tool to carry out standard calculations for reference evapotranspiration, crop water requirements, irrigation scheduling, and also allows helps in planning and decision making in the areas where water resource availability is varying and scarce. The study result indicated that Maize seasonal amounts of irrigation requirements varied from 439.5 to 615.0 mm. Maize actual daily evapotranspiration (ETa) varied from 0.12 to 4.13 mm and from 0.27 to 4.68 mm in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Net irrigation schedule for all growing periods in 2010 was zero for initial and late but for development 138.9 mm and 45.9 mm for mid-stage of the growing period. However, 2011 were zero, 83.7 mm, 178 mm, and 98.2 mm in initial, mid, and development and late stages respectively. Besides in the study area, 2010 was the wettest year but 2011 was determined as the driest year this may cause adverse conditions on maize crop yields quantity and quality. Irrigation requirements for maize should be adjusted to the local meteorological conditions for optimizing maize irrigation requirements and improving maize water productivity under such climatic variable conditions.

Irrigation Scheduling Based on Evaporation and Crop Water Requirement for Summer Peanuts1

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Pahalwan ◽  
R. S. Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Crop Water Requirement ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Formation Stage ◽  
Evaporation Ratio ◽  
Pod Development

Abstract Field experiment was conducted during dry season of 1981 and 1982 to determine the optimal irrigation schedule for summer peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in relation to evaporative demand and crop water requirement at different growth stages. It was observed that peanut crop requires a higher irrigation frequency schedule during pegging to pod formation stage followed by pod development to maturity and planting to flowering stages. The higher pod yield and water use efficiency was obtained when irrigations were scheduled at an irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation ratio of 0.5 during planting to flowering, 0.9 during pegging to pod formation and 0.7 during pod development to maturity stage. The profile water contribution to total crop water use was higher under less frequent irrigation schedules particularly when the irrigations were scheduled at 0.5 irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation ratio up to the pod formation stage.

scholarly journals Optimization of irrigation water in South Africa for sustainable and beneficial use

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Akinola Mayowa Ikudayisi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

Water is an essential natural resource for human existence and survival on the earth. South Africa, a water stressed country, allocates a high percentage of its available consumptive water use to irrigation. Therefore, it is necessary that we optimize water use in order to enhance food security. This study presents the development of mathematical models for irrigation scheduling of crops, optimal irrigation water release and crop yields in Vaal Harts irrigation scheme (VIS) of South Africa. For efficient irrigation water management, an accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETₒ) should be carried out. However, due to non-availability of enough historical data for the study area, mathematical models were developed to estimate ETₒ. A 20-year monthly meteorological data was collected and analysed using two data–driven modeling techniques namely principal component analysis (PCA) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed for real time prediction of future ETₒ for the study area. The real time irrigation scheduling of potatoes was developed using a crop growth simulation model called CROPWAT. It was used to determine the crop water productivity (CWP), which is a determinant of the relationship between water applied and crop yield. Finally, a new and novel evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm called combined Pareto multi-objective differential evolution (CPMDE) was applied to optimize irrigation water use and crop yield on the VIS farmland. The net irrigation benefit, land area and irrigation water use of maize, potatoes and groundnut were optimized. Results obtained show that ETₒ increases with temperature and windspeed. Other variables such as rainfall and relative humidity have less significance on the value of ETₒ. Also, ANN models with one hidden layer showed better predictive performance compared with other considered configurations. A 5-day time step irrigation schedule data and graphs showing the crop water requirements and irrigation water requirements was generated. This would enable farmers know when, where, and how much water to apply to a given farmland. Finally, the employed CPMDE optimization algorithm produced a set of non-dominated Pareto optimal solutions. The best solution suggests that maize, groundnut and potatoes should be planted on 403543.44 m2, 181542.00 m2 and 352876.05 m2areas of land respectively. This solution generates a total net benefit of ZAR 767,961.49, total planting area of 937961.49 m2 and irrigation water volume of 391,061.52 m3. Among the three crops optimized, maize has the greatest land area, followed by potatoes and groundnut. This shows that maize is more profitable than potatoes and groundnut with respect to crop yield and water use in the study area.

Crop water requirements of cotton

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Hutchinson ◽  
H. L. Manning ◽  
H. G. Farbrother
Keyword(s):  
Previous Analysis ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Arable Crop ◽  
Enormous Variation

1. Attention is drawn to the enormous variations in yield experienced in commercial cotton growing under rain-fed conditions. Yields at Namulonge have ranged from 161 to 1163 lb./acre.2. In seeking an explanation of this enormous variation past and present fertilizer trials in Uganda have failed to show that much of this variation is due to nutrient status.3. From Manning's previous analysis of yields in relation to seasonal rainfall, over many district trials, it is evident that 20–25 in. of rainfall per season is optimum.4. The purpose of more recent studies has been to examine the effect of distribution of rainfall within the season. Clearly the pattern of crop water requirement, also within the season, must supersede a simple seasonal concept of crop water use.5. Experimental evidence, based on several seasons' data, led to the conclusion that evapotranspiration rates exceeding the commonly accepted figure of 0·8E must in fact occur in order to provide a satisfactory explanation of results recorded.6. The within-season pattern of water requirement of an annual arable crop is shown to be more dependent on its state of development than on the pattern of a physical model based on calculations of energy availability.

Assessing irrigation requirements in the Ord Sugar Industry using a simulation modelling approach

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
B. A. Keating
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Irrigation Requirement ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Irrigation Requirements ◽  
Modelling Approach

Summary. Sustainable irrigation guidelines that maximise profitability and minimise water losses and accession to the watertable are required for the new Ord Sugar Industry. In addition, knowledge on crop water requirements is needed to guide water allocation and costing policies for the expanding Ord Irrigation Area where sugarcane is likely to be a dominant crop. Field data indicating water requirements for sugar in the Ord Irrigation Area are few and this paper deploys a modelling approach to extrapolate from knowledge of water requirements in other parts of the world. The approach links long-term climatic data with soil water characteristics of the main soil type, with a cropping systems model, to develop indicative estimates of irrigation water requirement and yield consequences for different management options for sugarcane production in the Ord. Analyses of the growth of 12-month old ratoon crops were conducted using the APSIM–Sugarcane model with historical climatic data from 1960 to 1985 and either a deep (188 mm available water to 160 cm depth) or shallow (144 mm of water to 120 cm depth) Cununurra clay soil. Under maximum attainable growth conditions where crops were irrigated after half the soil water supply was depleted, average sucrose yield ranged from 26.7 to 29.0 t/ha, and the irrigation requirement (assuming 100% application efficiency) ranged from 22.7 to 23.8 ML/ha depending on ratooning date. Soil water holding capacity had a major effect on the number of irrigations and the interval between irrigation for a given irrigation schedule but little effect on yield or irrigation requirement. Varying the irrigation schedule by changing the level of soil water depletion before irrigation and thus the irrigation frequency, showed the tradeoff between yield and irrigation requirement with the most profitable irrigation schedule depending on the price of sucrose and the cost of irrigation relative to other costs. Most of the year-to-year variation in irrigation water requirement could be explained by the highly variable effectiveness in soil storage of rainfall which ranged from 44 to 93%. This study has provided insight and indicative estimates of the yield and irrigation requirements for different irrigation management options for use in the establishment of an Ord River sugar industry. These estimates will be further refined as field data become available.

Research Dry Crop and Irrigation Water Requirement in Environment Engineering

2013 ◽  
Vol 340 ◽  
pp. 961-965
Author(s):  
Xin Hua Wang ◽  
Mei Hua Guo ◽  
Hui Mei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Crop Water Requirements ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

According to Kunming 1980-2010 monthly weather data and CROPWAT software and the corresponding crop data, crop water requirements and irrigation water use are calculated. By frequency analysis, irrigation water requirement was get for different guaranteed rate. The results show that: corn, potatoes, tobacco, and soybeans average crop water requirements were 390.7mm, 447.9mm, 361.8mm and 328.4mm, crop water dispersion coefficient is small, period effective rainfall during crop growth in most of the year can meet the crop water requirements, so irrigation water demand is small. While the multi-year average crop water requirements were 400.8mm, 353.5mm, 394.3mm for small spring crops of wheat, beans, rape. Because the effective rainfall for these crops during growth period is relative less, crop irrigation water requirements for small spring crop is much. Vegetables and flowers are plant around the year, so the crop water and irrigation water requirements are the largest.

scholarly journals Remote Sensing for Crop Water Management: from Experiments to User-Driven Services

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Calera ◽  
Isidro Campos ◽  
Anna Osann ◽  
Guido D´Urso ◽  
Massimo Menenti
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Web Gis ◽  
Optical Remote Sensing ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Crop Water Requirements

The experiences gathered during the past 30 years support the operational use of irrigation scheduling based on frequent multi-spectral image data. Currently, the operational use of dense time series of multispectral imagery at high spatial resolution makes monitoring of crop biophysical parameters feasible, capturing crop water use across the growing season, with suitable temporal and spatial resolutions. These achievements, and the availability of accurate forecasting of meteorological data, allow for precise predictions of crop water requirements with unprecedented spatial resolution. This information is greatly appreciated by the end users, i.e. professional farmers or decision-makers, and can be provided in an easy-to-use manner and in near-real-time by using the improvements achieved in web-GIS methodologies. This paper reviews the most operational and explored methods based on optical remote sensing for the assessment of crop water requirements, identifying strengths and weaknesses and proposing alternatives to advance towards full operational application of this methodology. In addition, we provide a general overview of the tools which facilitates co-creation and collaboration with stakeholders, paying special attention to these approaches based on web-GIS tools.

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