Comparison of chromosomal architecture of Sahiwal and crossbred Sahiwal cattle

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. V. Subramanyam ◽  
P. Jaya Laxmi ◽  
B. Punyakumari ◽  
A. V.N. Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Submetacentric Chromosome ◽  
Centromeric Index ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Sahiwal Cattle ◽  
Morphological Index ◽  
Chromosomal Architecture

The karyological investigation using 16 purebred Sahiwal and 16 Jersey X Sahiwal cattle (8 males and 8 females of each genetic group) revealed the diploid chromosome number to be 60. All the 29 pairs of autosomes were acrocentric, while the X – chromosome was sub-metacentric in both the genetic groups. Acrocentric Y chromosome of Sahiwal differed from small submetacentric chromosome of Jersey X Sahiwal cattle in its morphology. The relative length of autosomes ranged from 1.74 ± 0.01 to 5.28 ± 0.02 in Sahiwal and from 1.72 ± 0.01 to 5.26 ± 0.02 in Jersey X Sahiwal crosses. X – Chromosome was the second largest chromosome in both the genetic groups. The contribution of X and Y chromosomes to the total genome were 5.07 and 1.99 per cent to the total genome in Sahiwal and 5.06 and 2.20 per cent in Jersey X Sahiwal cattle, respectively. The arm ratio, centromeric index and morphological index for the X-chromosome of Sahiwal and Jersey X Sahiwal cattle were 1.89, 0.35, 2.87 and 1.84, 0.36, 2.76, respectively. The arm ratio, centromeric index and morphological index for the Y-chromosome of Jersey X Sahiwal cattle were 1.63, 0.35 and 1.41, respectively.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic Characterisation of Nattukuttai - A Non-descript Cattle Population of Tamil Nadu

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ymberzal Koul ◽  
V. Harshini ◽  
S.M.K. Karthickeyan ◽  
K. Thilak Pon Jawahar ◽  
A. Gopinathan
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Lymphocyte Culture ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Cattle Population ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Centromeric Index ◽  
Morphological Index

Background: Nattukuttai is a small-sized cattle population, native to north-eastern districts of Tamil Nadu. In light of the ongoing research on genetic characterisation of cattle genetic resources of India, the present study was undertaken with the objective of cytogenetic characterisation of Nattukuttai cattle, which is imperative for its conservation and genetic implications to breeding programs. Methods: Blood samples from ten Nattukuttai cattle (five males and five females) were utilized to study the chromosome profile through short-term lymphocyte culture method. Good metaphase spreads were selected for estimation of the relative length, arm ratio, centromeric index and morphological index. Result: The diploid number was 60. All the 29 pairs of autosomes and Y-chromosome were acrocentric while X-chromosome was sub-metacentric. The mean relative length of autosomes ranged from 5.24 ±0.08 to 1.90±0.06. X-chromosome was the largest in the karyotype (5.64±0.12), while the Y-chromosome was the smallest (1.85±0.03). The arm ratio, centromeric index and morphological index were 1.98±0.02, 0.33±0.03 and 4.06±0.4 respectively. The study revealed that the chromosome architecture of Nattukuttai cattle was similar to that of other breeds of Zebu cattle.

scholarly journals Profiling of Chromosomal Complement in Nandidurga Goats of Karnataka

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basavraj Inamdar ◽  
R. Nagaraja ◽  
H.M. Yathish ◽  
S. Naveen Kumar ◽  
G.S. Naveen Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Lymphocyte Culture ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Chromosomal Complement ◽  
Morphological Index ◽  
The Mean

Background: To characterize the chromosomal complement of Nandidurga goats. Methods: Blood samples for short term lymphocyte culture were collected from 5 bucks and 5 does from its breeding tract and then mitotic chromosomal spreads were accomplished. Result: The diploid chromosome number was found to be 60, consisting of 58 acrocentric autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (X and Y). The X chromosome was found to be the longest acrocentric and Y chromosome was found to be sub metacentric. The mean mitotic drive was 64.5±2.01 and 63.15±1.30 percent in bucks and does, respectively. The mean relative length of autosomes varied from 2.08±0.24 to 4.81±0.12 in does and 2.09±0.09 to 4.70±0.11in bucks. The relative length of X chromosome in does was 5.14±0.17 and that in bucks was 4.92±0.21, whereas Y chromosome had a relative length of 1.99±0.20. The mean Arms Ratio, Centromeric Index and Morphological Index were 2.47, 31.62 and 396.14, respectively. This cytogenetic analysis indicates the normal chromosomal complement in the studied Nandidurga goats.

Mapping the mouse X chromosome: possible symmetry in the location of a family of sequences on the mouse X and Y chromosomes

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Philip Avner ◽  
Colin Bishop ◽  
Laurence Amar ◽  
Jacques Cambrou ◽  
Didier Hatat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Somatic Cell Hybrid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Somatic Cell Hybrid Panel ◽  
Mus Spretus ◽  
Y Chromosomes

Major advances in our knowledge of the genetic organization of the mouse X chromosome have been obtained by the use of interspecific crosses involving Mus spretus-derived strains. This system has been used to study sequences detected by three probes 80Y/B, 302Y/B and 371Y/B isolated from a mouse Y-chromosome library which have been shown to recognize both male–female common and male–female differential sequences. These patterns are due to the presence of a family of cross-reacting sequences on the mouse X and Y chromosomes. Detailed genetic analysis of the localization of the X-chromosomespecific sequences using both a somatic cell hybrid panel and an interspecific mouse cross has revealed the presence of at least three discrete clusters of loci (X–Y)A, (X–Y)B and (X–Y)C. Two of these clusters, (X–Y)B and (X–Y)C, lie distally on the mouse X chromosome, the other cluster (X–Y)A being situated close to the centromere. In situ hybridization shows a striking symmetry in the localization of the major sequences on both the X and Y chromosomes detected by these probes, hybridization being preferentially localized to a subcentromeric and subtelomeric region on each chromosome. This striking localization symmetry between the X and Y chromosome sequences is discussed in terms of the extensive pairing of the X–Y chromosomes noted during meiosis.

Mapping the Y chromosome

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 39-39
Author(s):  
P. N. Goodfellow
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dna Probes ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Variable Amount ◽  
Regional Localization ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Xx Males ◽  
Human Y Chromosome

DNA probes isolated from the human Y chromosome have been used to resolve two fundamental problems concerning the biology of sex determination in man. Coincidentally, resolution of these problems has generated genetic maps of the short arm of the human Y chromosome and has allowed the regional localization of TDF. The first problem to be solved was the origin of XX males (de la Chapelle, this symposium): the majority of XX males are caused by a telomeric exchange between the X and Y chromosomes that results in TDF and a variable amount of Y-derived material being transferred to the X chromosome. The differing amounts of Y-derived material present in XX males has been used as the basis of a ‘deletion’ map of the Y chromosome (Müller; Ferguson-Smith & Affara; this symposium).

Using Ancestry-Informative SNPs to Quantify Introgression of European Alleles into North American Red Foxes

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 782-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Hung Kuo ◽  
Stevi L Vanderzwan ◽  
Adrienne E Kasprowicz ◽  
Benjamin N Sacks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Mt Dna ◽  
Chromosome Markers ◽  
Y Chromosomes

Abstract A recent study demonstrated that British red foxes introduced to the mid-Atlantic coastal plain (ACP) of the eastern United States during the late 18th century successfully interbred with indigenous American red foxes despite half a million year’s divergence. However, a large disparity in frequency of European mitochondria (27%) versus Y chromosomes (1%) left unclear the magnitude of genetic exchange. We sought to quantify genomic introgression using 35 autosomal and 5 X-chromosome ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) in conjunction with diagnostic Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism (Y-SNP) markers to characterize the modern state of red foxes in the eastern United States and to gain insight into the potential role of reproductive barriers. European admixture was highest in the ACP and apparently restricted to the central eastern United States. We estimated only slightly (and nonsignificantly) European ancestry in autosomal than X-chromosome markers. European ancestry from autosomal and X-chromosome markers (36.4%) was higher than the corresponding mitochondrial (mt) DNA estimate (26.4%) in the ACP. Only 1 of 124 males (<1%) in the ACP had European Y chromosomes, which was similar to the neighboring regions, in which 2 of 99 (2%) males carried a European Y chromosome (the same haplotype). Although we could not rule out drift as the cause of low European Y-chromosome frequency, results were also consistent with F1 male infertility. In the future, more extensive genomic sequencing will enable a more thorough investigation of possible barrier genes on the X chromosome as well as throughout the genome.

scholarly journals Identification of heterosomes in spermatoza of rams with 54,XX/54,XY chimerism

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 250-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kozubska-Sobocinska ◽  
B. Rejduch
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Fluorescent Signal ◽  
Fish Technique ◽  
Y Chromosomes

The aim of the study was to identify heterosomes in the semen of three Romanov rams – carriers of leukocyte chimerism (FISH technique) and to determine the proportions between spermatozoa with X and Y chromosomes. The choice of bovine probes for hybridization with ram heterosomes was dictated by genetic conservatism of bovine and ovine heterosomes. The ratio between spermatozoa with a yellow fluorescent signal containing the X chromosome in the haploid set and spermatozoa with a red-purple signal indicating the presence of the Y chromosome, taking into account spermatozoa with no signal, was 52%:43%:5% in ram No. PL100006077676; 47%:44%:9% in ram No. PL100006078031; and 48%:46%:6% in ram No. PL100006078895. The results obtained lead us to conclude that the 54,XX/54,XY chimerism has no effect on sex ratio in offspring.

scholarly journals Recombination between the X and Y chromosomes and the Sxr region of the mouse

1992 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne McLaren ◽  
Elizabeth Simpson ◽  
Colin E. Bishop ◽  
Michael J. Mitchell ◽  
Susan M. Darling
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Recombination Frequency ◽  
Male Meiosis ◽  
Homologous Region ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Female Meiosis ◽  
Unequal Crossing Over ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Autosome Translocation

SummaryThe Sxr (sex-reversed) region that carries a copy of the mouse Y chromosomal testis-determining gene can be attached to the distal end of either the Y or the X chromosome. During male meiosis, Sxr recombined freely between the X and Y chromosomes, with an estimated recombination frequency not significantly different from 50% in either direction. During female meiosis, Sxr recombined freely between the X chromosome to which it was attached and an X-autosome translocation. A male mouse carrying the original Sxra region on its Y chromosome, and the shorter Sxrb variant on the X, also showed 50% recombination between the sex chromosomes. Evidence of unequal crossing-over between the two Sxr regions was obtained: using five markers deleted from Sxrb, 3 variant Sxr regions were detected in 159 progeny (1·9%). Four other variants (one from the original cross and three from later generations) were presumed to have been derived from illegitimate pairing and crossing-over between Sxrb and the homologous region on the short arm of the Y chromosome. The generation of new variants throws light on the arrangement of gene loci and other markers within the short arm of the mouse Y chromosome.

scholarly journals The pig X and Y chromosomes: structure, sequence and evolution

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M Skinner ◽  
Carole A Sargent ◽  
Carol Churcher ◽  
Toby Hunt ◽  
Javier Herrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
High Sequence Identity ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Sequencing Project ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Y Chromosome Evolution

We have generated an improved assembly and gene annotation of the pig X chromosome, and a first draft assembly of the pig Y chromosome, by sequencing BAC and fosmid clones, and incorporating information from optical mapping and fibre-FISH. The X chromosome carries 1,014 annotated genes, 689 of which are protein-coding. Gene order closely matches that found in Primates (including humans) and Carnivores (including cats and dogs), which is inferred to be ancestral. Nevertheless, several protein-coding genes present on the human X chromosome were absent from the pig (e.g. the cancer/testis antigen family) or inactive (e.g. AWAT1), and 38 pig-specific X-chromosomal genes were annotated, 22 of which were olfactory receptors. The pig Y chromosome assembly focussed on two clusters of male-specific low-copy number genes, separated by an ampliconic region including the HSFY gene family, which together make up most of the short arm. Both clusters contain palindromes with high sequence identity, presumably maintained by gene conversion. The long arm of the chromosome is almost entirely repetitive, containing previously characterised sequences. Many of the ancestral X-related genes previously reported in at least one mammalian Y chromosome are represented either as active genes or partial sequences. This sequencing project has allowed us to identify genes - both single copy and amplified - on the pig Y, to compare the pig X and Y chromosomes for homologous sequences, and thereby to reveal mechanisms underlying pig X and Y chromosome evolution.

ANALYSIS OF Y-LINKED MUTATIONS TO MALE STERILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-234
Author(s):  
James A Kennison
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Ethyl Methanesulfonate ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Adult Feeding ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Normal Spermatogenesis

ABSTRACT The frequencies of newly induced male-sterilizing lesions on both the X and Y chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster were determined after either 4000 r of γ-irradiation or adult feeding of ethyl methanesulfonate. The Y chromosome is approximately twice as sensitive as the X chromosome to newly induced male-sterilizing lesions after γ-irradiation, but slightly less sensitive after ethyl methanesulfonate treatment. A large proportion of the radiation-induced lesions are associated with Y-autosome or X-autosome translocations, with the Y chromosome recovered in translocations far in excess of the frequency expected from metaphase lengths. Although translocations between the X and Y chromosomes or between autosomes do not appear to sterilize heterozygous males, interchanges between sex chromosomes and autosomes often sterilize males carrying them in a dominant manner, suggesting that the organization of the genome is critical for normal spermatogenesis. Complementation tests between recessive Y-linked male-sterilizing mutants do not reveal the existence of any additional fertility loci beyond the six previously defined.

scholarly journals Effects of Human Sex Chromosome Dosage on Spatial Chromosome Organization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziad Jowhar ◽  
Sigal Shachar ◽  
Prabhakar R. Gudla ◽  
Darawalee Wangsa ◽  
Erin Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Genome Organization ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromatin Condensation ◽  
Chromosome Territory ◽  
Chromosome Organization ◽  
Genetic Syndromes ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
And Function

AbstractSex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) are common genetic syndromes characterized by the presence of an aberrant number of X and Y chromosomes due to meiotic defects. These conditions impact structure and function of diverse tissues, but the proximal effects of SCA on genome organization are unknown. Here, to determine the consequences of SCAs on global genome organization, we have analyzed multiple architectural features of chromosome organization in a comprehensive set of primary cells from SCA patients with various ratios of X and Y chromosomes by use of imaging-based high-throughput Chromosome Territory Mapping (HiCTMap). We find that X chromosome supernumeracy does not affect the size, volume or nuclear position of the Y chromosome or an autosomal chromosome. In contrast, the active X chromosome undergoes architectural changes as a function of increasing X copy number, as measured by a decrease in size and an increase in circularity, which is indicative of chromatin compaction. With Y chromosome supernumeracy, Y chromosome size is reduced suggesting higher chromatin condensation. The radial positioning of chromosomes is unaffected in SCA karyotypes. Taken together, these observations document changes in genome architecture in response to alterations in sex chromosome numbers and point to trans-effects of dosage compensation on chromosome organization.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document