GENERALIZED ARGINIA

A brief review of literature on the problem of argyria is presented. Hyperpigmentation of the skin in 10-20% of cases has an iatrogenic cause. Hyperpigmentation of the skin can form on the background of taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, amiodarone, cytostatics, antimalarials, etc. Systemic deposition of silver in various organs and tissues is known as generalized argyria. The disease is caused by the prolonged use of compounds containing silver (lapis pencil, silver nitrate, etc.). Clinically, generalized arginia is characterized by the gradual appearance of ashy-bluish coloration of the skin of open areas of the body (face, neck) and nail plates of the phalanges of the hands. The period from the moment of the beginning of reception of preparations of silver and before occurrence of the first dermatological changes varies on the average from 1 year to 5 years. Generalized argiria is a rare disease. This is due to the limited use of silver drugs in clinical practice, as well as the improvement of technological processes in pharmacological production. The patient’s own observation with generalized arginia formed against the background of the long-term administration of the drug Argovit-S, whose silver content is 0.75-0.85 mg/ml, is analyzed. The patient took the drug alone as a food supplement for 25 years. The diagnosis of generalized arginia is verified clinically, but is confirmed necessarily in the course of histological examination. It is shown that argyria is not only the iatrogenic cause of skin hyperpigmentation, but a serious risk factor for the manifestation and progression of liver cirrhosis. Patients with generalized arginia should undergo a comprehensive examination in order to verify the serious pathology of internal organs.

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STUDIES IN THE SUPPOSED GOITROGENOUS EFFECT OF TAP WATER IN HELSINKI

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.xxxiii0630 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol XXXIII (IV) ◽

pp. 630-636

Author(s):

F.-E. Krusius ◽

P. Peltola

Keyword(s):

Tap Water ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Normal Weight ◽

The Body ◽

Iodine Uptake ◽

Redistilled Water ◽

Detectable Difference ◽

Term Administration ◽

Long Term Experiment

ABSTRACT The study reported here was performed in order to examine the tap water of Helsinki for its alleged goitrogenous effect. In a short-term, 24-hour experiment with rats, kept on an iodine-poor diet, we noticed no inhibition of the 4-hour 131I uptake, as compared with that of animals receiving physiological saline instead of tap water. Two similar groups of rats receiving 1 and 2 mg of mercazole in redistilled water showed a distinct blockage of the 4-hour uptake, which proved the effect of this substance. In a long-term experiment of 5 weeks' duration there was no detectable difference in the body weight, thyroid weight and the 4-hour 131I uptake when the rats receiving tap water or distilled water to which 0.45 per cent of sodium chloride was added were compared with each other. Replacement of tap water by a 10 mg per cent solution of mercazole in redistilled water enlarged the thyroid to double its normal weight and increased the 131I uptake to approximately five times that of the controls. Thus our experiments failed to demonstrate any goitrogenous effect in the tap water of Helsinki. Changes similar to those produced by a long-term administration of mercazole, i. e. an enlargement of the thyroid and an increased thyroidal iodine uptake, have been shown to be due to milk collected from goitrous areas. The observations here reported confirm the importance of milk in the genesis of the goitre endemia of Helsinki. Attention is further called to the fact that a thyroidal enlargement combined with an increased thyroidal iodine uptake cannot always be taken as a sign of iodine deficiency because similar changes may be produced by the administration of goitrogens.

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Colonic mucosal lesions associated with long-term administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.00030.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 88-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T. OHKUSA ◽

T. TERAI ◽

S. ABE ◽

O. KOBAYASHI ◽

K. BEPPU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Term Administration ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Mucosal Lesions ◽

Anti Inflammatory

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Cosmeceutical aptitudes of niacinamide: A review

Recent Advances in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery ◽

10.2174/2772434416666211129105629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Piyush Madaan ◽

Priyanshi Sikka ◽

Deepinder Singh Malik

Keyword(s):

Fungal Infections ◽

Food Supplement ◽

The Body ◽

Vitamin B3 ◽

Skin Cells ◽

Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽

External Sources ◽

Novel Approaches ◽

New Skin

Background: The prevalence and scope of dermatological illness differ from region to region. Based upon type and severity, the conditions may vary from superficial to deep systemic skin infections. Niacinamide, an amide analog of vitamin B3 which was conventionally utilized as a food supplement, is now explored for the management of skin disorders. Being a powerhouse on its own, it is not stored inside the body naturally and has to be acquired from external sources. Areas covered: This review is an attempt to disclose the physiology, pharmacology, and highlight the dermatological potentials of niacinamide, discussing its pharmacological mechanisms, varied commercially available treatments, and novel approaches, i.e., in research and patented formulations. Results: Niacinamide has been verified in treating almost every skin disorder, viz. aging, hyperpigmentation, acne, psoriasis, pruritus, dermatitis, fungal infections, epidermal melasma, non-melanoma skin cancer, etc. It has been reported to possess numerous properties, for instance, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antipruritic, and anticancer, which makes it an ideal ingredient for varied dermal therapies. Long term use of niacinamide, regardless of the skin type, paves the way for new skin cells, makingskin healthier, brighter, and hydrated. Conclusion: Niacinamide possesses a variety of positive characteristics in the field of dermatology. Novel approaches are warranted over current treatments which could bypass the above shortcomings and form an effective and stable system. Hence, niacinamide has the potential to become an individual and a productive component with wide future scope.

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Selected problems in the use of genetic engineering biological therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology ◽

10.12737/2409-3750-2021-6-4-36-39 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 36-39

Author(s):

K. Leonova

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Biological Therapy ◽

Pharmacological Therapy ◽

Genetically Engineered ◽

Biological Drugs ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

The Moment ◽

Attending Physician

Rheumatoid arthritis, like any chronic non-infectious disease, requires constant pharmacological therapy and monitoring of treatment. To relieve exacerbation, maintain long-term remission and improve the quality of life of patients, basic anti-inflammatory drugs are used, which have passed many years of testing for efficacy and safety and are available for patients. But there is a group of drugs that have appeared relatively recently - genetically engineered biological drugs. At the moment, their use is somewhat limited due to the presence of a number of problems. With the accumulation of data on the study of the safety of genetically engineered drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, it will be possible to solve many practical issues that arise in the attending physician during the supervision of patients.

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EFFECTS OF LONG TERM ADMINISTRATION OF GLUCAGON ON THE PANCREATIC ISLET TISSUE OF RATS AND GUINEA-PIGS

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0440139 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 139-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Birger Petersson ◽

Bo Hellman

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pigs ◽

Cell Number ◽

Dark Field ◽

The Body ◽

Initial Increase ◽

Adult Age ◽

Number Ratio ◽

Islet Volume ◽

Term Administration

ABSTRACT Rats and guinea-pigs were injected every eight hours with crystalline glucagon (0.3–0.6 mg/kg) and killed after different periods of treatment up to 30 days. Immature animals (glucagon treatment commenced on the second postnatal day) were also included among the rats investigated. While the immature glucagon treated rats grew almost as well as their litter mate controls, there was a marked reduction of the body and adrenal weights, when the injections were started at a more adult age. In the latter rats the total islet volume was significantly reduced and the A1/A2 cell number ratio increased from 0.24 ± 0.02 to 0.32 ± 0.02. In the guinea-pigs the glucagon treatment resulted in a considerable decrease in both the body and pancreatic weights. These changes were associated with a significant increase in the relative amount of the endocrine pancreas, the total islet volume being unchanged. While the A1 cells appeared unaffected by the glucagon treatment, the A2 cells were markedly atrophied. After an apparent initial increase there was a subsequent progressive diminution of the silvery-white dark field granulation of the A2 cells during the glucagon treatment. The postcoupled benzylidene reaction for tryptophane also decreased and became insignificant in guineapigs injected with glucagon for a long period. In the latter animals the percentage of A2 cells was only 3.4 ± 0.2 as compared with 24.4 ± 1.3 for the controls. As a consequence of this, the A1/A2 cell number ratio was about 6 times as high in the glucagon treated guinea-pigs. The data obtained for the longer term adaptation of the islets of Langerhans to the administration of glucagon support the concept that this hormone is secreted by the silver-negative A2 cells.

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Colonic mucosal lesions associated with long-term administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Symposium Series ◽

10.1111/j.1746-6342.2006.00030.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 88-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. OHKUSA ◽

T. TERAI ◽

S. ABE ◽

O. KOBAYASHI ◽

K. BEPPU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Term Administration ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Mucosal Lesions ◽

Anti Inflammatory

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Colonic mucosal lesions associated with long-term or short-term administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Colorectal Disease ◽

10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01948.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1113-1121 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tomoyoshi Shibuya ◽

Toshifumi Ohkusa ◽

Tetsuji Yokoyama ◽

Akira Harada ◽

Kazuko Beppu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Short Term ◽

Term Administration ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Mucosal Lesions ◽

Anti Inflammatory

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Evaluation of γ-oryzanol Accumulation and Lipid Metabolism in the Body of Mice Following Long-Term Administration of γ-oryzanol

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11010104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 104 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eri Kobayashi ◽

Junya Ito ◽

Naoki Shimizu ◽

Takumi Kokumai ◽

Shunji Kato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Plasma Lipids ◽

Rice Bran Oil ◽

The Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Single Oral Administration ◽

Term Administration

γ-Oryzanol (OZ), abundant in rice bran oil, has gained attention due to its physiological activities (e.g., lipid-lowering effects). However, the absorption and metabolism of orally ingested OZ have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, diets containing normal or high contents of OZ were fed to obesity model mice for 8 weeks, and OZ concentrations in plasma and organs were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. To evaluate the relationship between OZ accumulation and lipid metabolism in vivo, lipid concentrations in the mice plasma and liver were also measured. As a result, the accumulation of intact OZ in plasma and organs was seen in mice fed diets containing OZ, where mice fed diets containing higher OZ contents demonstrated higher levels of OZ accumulation and lower amounts of plasma lipids. These results, in combination with our additional data from a single oral administration test, suggest the possibility that intact OZ, along with its metabolites (e.g., ferulic acid), is biologically-active.

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Transdermal delivery of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): a mini review

Farmasains Jurnal Farmasi dan Ilmu Kesehatan ◽

10.22219/farmasains.v4i2.11369 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Raditya Weka Nugraheni

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Oral Route ◽

The Body ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Gastrointestinal Side Effects ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Foreign Materials ◽

Transdermal Route

The transdermal route has several advantages over the oral route, especially for the drugs which significantly experience the first-pass effect in the liver. Another advantage of drug administration via the transdermal route is its non-invasive way and can be used by patients themselves. Also, it allows long-term use, thereby increasing patient compliance and is generally inexpensive. The development of transdermal preparation itself is not easy because of the permeability factor of drug ingredients through the skin is relatively low compared to the gastrointestinal route or mucous membrane because the skin is part of the body's defense system and prevents foreign materials to entering the body. The biggest challenge for drug administration via the transdermal route is that the limitations of drugs can be administrated through this route. NSAIDs are drugs that are widely used in chronic conditions and can cause serious gastrointestinal side effects. Therefore the transdermal route is expected to be a promising alternative in the future. The drug-loaded nanoparticle delivered using the iontophoresis method can improve the bioavailability of NSAIDs via the transdermal route.

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