The Long-Term Effects of Extreme War-Related Trauma on the Second Generation of Holocaust Survivors

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Gangi ◽  
Alessandra Talamo ◽  
Stefano Ferracuti
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Holocaust Survivors ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adjective Check List ◽  
Anxiety Questionnaire

The psychological consequences of intergenerational trauma on the second generation of Holocaust survivors were studied in a sample of 40 nonimmigrant Italian Jews and compared to a control group. Differences between offspring of Holocaust survivors (HSO) and a comparison group were assessed by the Adjective Check List, Anxiety Questionnaire Scale, Defence Mechanism Inventory, and Family Environment Scale. Although the HSO displayed no serious psychological consequences, they had higher anxiety levels than controls, low self-esteem, inhibition of aggression, and relational ambivalence. These data partially confirm previous research on the topic, although the level of psychological distress seems to be lower in the Italian sample than in other samples of second-generation Holocaust survivors.

scholarly journals Psychological Consequences of Early Global Deprivation

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kumsta ◽  
Jana Kreppner ◽  
Mark Kennedy ◽  
Nicky Knights ◽  
Michael Rutter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adoptive Family ◽  
Behavioral Impairments ◽  
The Uk

The English & Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study follows children who spent their first years of life in extremely depriving Romanian institutions before they were adopted by families in the UK. The ERA study constitutes a “natural experiment” that allows the examination of the effects of radical environmental change from a profoundly depriving institutional environment to an adoptive family home. The cohort has been assessed at ages 4, 6, 11, and 15 years, and has provided seminal insights into the effects of early global deprivation. The current paper focuses on the long-term psychological sequelae associated with deprivation experiences. These deprivation-specific problems (DSPs) constitute a striking pattern of behavioral impairments, in its core characterized by deficits in social cognition and behavior, as well as quasi-autistic features, often accompanied by cognitive impairment and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Possible moderating influences, including variations in family environment, pre-adoption characteristics, and genetic variation, will be discussed to answer the question why some individuals have prospered while others have struggled. Apart from findings on the moderating effect of variation in genes associated with serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling involving specific phenotypes, heterogeneity in outcome is largely unexplained. The review concludes with an outlook on currently ongoing and future research of the ERA study cohort, which involves the investigation of neurobiological and epigenetic mechanisms as possible mediators of the long-term effects of institutional deprivation.

Emotional distress and satisfaction in life among Holocaust survivors – a community study of survivors and controls

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Carmil ◽  
R. S. Carel
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Holocaust Survivors ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
Working People

SynopsisResults are reported from a large population study (of working people) comparing Holocaust survivors and a control group in regard to emotional distress, satisfaction in life and psychosomatic symptoms. It was found that, even 40 years after the traumatic experience, this group of survivors exhibited a slightly higher degree of emotional disorders than controls who were not under Nazi occupation during WWII. These long-term effects were usually more prominent in women than in men, and the relationship to age was minimal.

scholarly journals (Re)Building, (Re)Creating and (Re)Imagining: Postmemory Representations of Family Through the Eyes of Rafael Goldchain and Art Spiegelman

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-147
Author(s):  
Elise Polkinghorne
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Holocaust Survivors ◽  
Bertolt Brecht ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Art Spiegelman ◽  
Emotional Distance ◽  
Pictorial Representations

Survivors of a trauma must deal with the life-long effects that result from their experiences. Depression, fear and a sense of isolation from society are only a few of the associated long-term effects of trauma. These traumatic repercussions are often passed down to their immediate family. These second and third generations must then live under the shadow of a trauma to which they were temporally displaced, but must cope with nonetheless. This paper deals with the concept of postmemory as it affects second generation Shoah, or Holocaust, survivors Art Spiegelman and Rafael Goldchain. Through an analysis of Spiegelman’s Maus and Goldchain’s I Am My Family, we can see not only how both artists work through their experience of postmemory via creative means, but how their use of the Verfremdungseffekt, a theory developed by Bertolt Brecht as a means of creating emotional distance, allows their pictorial representations of the Shoah to become bearable to a modern audience.

The response of skin perfusion and of rheological and immunological variables to intravenous prostanoid administration in Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to collagenosis

VASA ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drinda ◽  
Neumann ◽  
Pöhlmann ◽  
Vogelsang ◽  
Stein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Raynaud’S Phenomenon ◽  
Raynaud's Phenomenon ◽  
Plasma Viscosity ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Erythrocyte Aggregation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry

Background: Prostanoids are used in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon and acral perfusion disorders secondary to collagenosis. In subjective terms, intravenous administration of these agents produces success in more than 50% of patients. The therapeutic outcome of clinical administration of alprostadil or iloprost may vary from individual to individual. Patients and methods: The following variables were analysed in a cross-over study in 27 patients with collagenosis and Raynaud’s phenomenon: plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation (rheological variables), partial pressure of oxygen and laser Doppler flowmetry in the finger region, and lymphocyte phenotyping and interleukin (IL) determinations (immunological variables). Results: Laser Doppler flowmetry revealed significant differences between patients with secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon and a control group of 25 healthy subjects. Laser Doppler readings did not change significantly as a result of the treatments. Therapy with iloprost produced a reduction in IL-1beta, L-selectin (CD 62 L) and IL-6. Conclusion: The change in immunological variables due to iloprost may explain the long-term effects of prostaglandins in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. From our results it is not possible to infer any preference for iloprost or alprostadil.

scholarly journals A Clinical Study of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Combined With Autologous High-Density Fat Transplantation in Augmentation Rhinoplasty

2021 ◽  
pp. 014556132110169
Author(s):  
Dan Yan ◽  
Shuai-Hua Li ◽  
An-Li Zhang ◽  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Ze-Chun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Retention Rate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
High Density ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fat Transplantation ◽  
Augmentation Rhinoplasty ◽  
Platelet Rich Fibrin ◽  
Autologous Fat

Objective: This study was designed to analyze the clinical effect of autologous fat-granule transplantation in augmentation rhinoplasty and explore methods to improve the fat retention rate. Methods: A total of 70 enrolled patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: the platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) combined with high-density fat transplantation group (combined group) and the conventional fat-granule transplantation group (control group; n = 35 in each group). In the combined group, an appropriate amount of autologous fat was extracted and centrifuged, and the lower layer of high-density fat was taken and mixed with PRF isolated from whole blood for autotransplantation. In the control group, only fat was extracted and centrifuged for transplantation. The patients were followed up with for more than one year to observe the short- and long-term effects, complications, safety, and patient satisfaction. Results: Six months after the operation, the nasal shape was stable, the contour was higher and more stereoscopic than before, the average increase of nasal height was 3.0 mm in the combined group and 2.0 mm in the control group. No complications, such as fat embolism, infection, or necrosis occurred during the 1-year follow-up. The satisfaction rate between the 2 groups has statistical significance ( P < .05). Conclusion: Overall, PRF combined with autologous high-density fat transplantation is simple to perform, has a significantly increased fat-retention rate than the control group, and has stable long-term effects without obvious adverse reactions. A sufficient amount of fat and PRF transplantation can achieve a good orthopedic effect. Thus, this method can be widely used in clinical augmentation rhinoplasty.

scholarly journals Antibiotics at birth and later antibiotic courses: effects on gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Ainonen ◽  
Mysore V Tejesvi ◽  
Md. Rayhan Mahmud ◽  
Niko Paalanne ◽  
Tytti Pokka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Control Group ◽  
List Type ◽  
Antibiotic Exposure ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antibiotic Courses ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is widely used, but the evidence of the long-term effects on the gut microbiota and subsequent health of children is limited. Here, we compared the impacts of perinatal antibiotic exposure and later courses of antibiotic courses on gut microbiota. Methods This was a prospective, controlled cohort study among 100 vaginally delivered infants with different perinatal antibiotic exposures: control (27), IAP (27), postnatal antibiotics (24), and IAP and postnatal antibiotics (22). At 1 year of age, we performed next-generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene of fecal samples. Results Exposure to the perinatal antibiotics had a clear impact on the gut microbiota. The abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum was significantly higher in the control group, whereas the relative abundance of Escherichia coli was significantly lower in the control group. The impact of the perinatal antibiotics on the gut microbiota composition was greater than exposure to later courses of antibiotics (28% of participants). Conclusions Perinatal antibiotic exposure had a marked impact on the gut microbiota at the age of 1 year. The timing of the antibiotic exposure appears to be the critical factor for the changes observed in the gut microbiota. Impact Infants are commonly exposed to IAP and postnatal antibiotics, and later to courses of antibiotics during the first year of life. Perinatal antibiotics have been associated with an altered gut microbiota during the first months of life, whereas the evidence regarding the long-term impact is more limited. Perinatal antibiotic exposure had a marked impact on the infant’s gut microbiota at 1 year of age. Impact of the perinatal antibiotics on the gut microbiota composition was greater than that of the later courses of antibiotics at the age of 1 year.

scholarly journals Effects of 1 y of free school fruit on intake of fruits, vegetables, and unhealthy snacks: 14 y later

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonje Holte Stea ◽  
Ingrid Marie Hovdenak ◽  
Jannike Rønnestad ◽  
Kjersti Rennestraum ◽  
Frøydis Nordgård Vik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Intervention Effects ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Unhealthy Snacks

ABSTRACT Background There are not many studies evaluating the long-term effects of fruit and vegetable interventions. Objective We examined the effects of 1 y of free fruit in elementary school on long-term consumption of fruit, vegetables, and unhealthy snacks, according to sex and educational attainment, 14 y after the intervention period. Design In 2001, the baseline survey of the longitudinal cohort, Fruits and Vegetables Make the Marks (FVMM), included 1950 children (mean age: 11.8 y) attending 38 randomly drawn elementary schools from 2 counties in Norway. In the following 10 mo, 9 schools served as intervention schools by participating in the Norwegian School Fruit Program for free, whereas 29 schools served as control schools. A follow-up survey conducted in 2016 included 982 participants (50%) from the original study sample (mean age: 26.5 y). The consumption of fruit and vegetables was measured by a 24-h recall (portions per day), and the consumption of unhealthy snacks was measured by food-frequency questions (portions per week). Linear mixed models were performed to test possible intervention effects on the consumption of fruit, vegetables, and unhealthy snacks 14 y after the intervention period. Results No overall intervention effects after 14 y due to the free-fruit scheme on the consumption of fruit, vegetables, and unhealthy snacks were observed, but significant interactions showed a sustained higher frequency of fruit consumption among females in the intervention group compared with the control group [mean difference (MD): 0.38 portions/d; P = 0.023] and that this effect was only significant among less-educated females (MD: 0.73 portions/d; P = 0.043). No significant long-term intervention effects were observed in the consumption of fruit among highly educated females and males nor in the consumption of vegetables or unhealthy snacks. Conclusion Results from the present study indicate that receiving free fruit at school for 1 y may have positive long-term effects for females without higher education.

Catheter Patency and Peritoneal Morphology and Function in a Rat Model of Citrate-Buffered Peritoneal Dialysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 602-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Cavallini ◽  
Magnus Braide
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vascular Density ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Catheter Patency ◽  
Peritoneal Morphology

BackgroundSingle-dwell studies in rats and humans have shown that supplementing citrate for lactate in peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids improves ultrafiltration (UF).MethodsThe long-term effects of citrate-substituted PD fluids on PD catheter patency, UF, and peritoneal morphology were evaluated in a rat model over 5 weeks of daily PD fluid exposure. A standard 2.5% glucose 40 mmol/L lactate PD fluid and a corresponding 10/30 mmol/L citrate/lactate PD fluid were compared. In a control group, rats with catheters received no PD fluid.ResultsThe average patency time (% of 36 days) of silicone rubber PD catheters was significantly longer in the citrate PD group (98.8% ± 1.2%) and the control group (100% ± 0%) compared to the lactate PD group (54.7% ± 9.5%). In a separate experiment, heparin-coated polyurethane catheters were used to study peritoneal morphology and fluid transport. The citrate group had a higher net UF than the lactate group at the beginning and at the end of the 5 weeks. During the experiment, both fluid-treated groups suffered from UF loss; the control group showed the highest net UF at the end of the 5 weeks. Peritoneal vascular density and submesothelial thickness, indicators of angiogenesis and fibrosis, were not significantly different among the groups. Fibrosis was significantly negatively correlated to osmotic UF.ConclusionA positive acute effect of citrate on UF was confirmed and conserved over time. Citrate PD strongly improved PD catheter patency time compared with lactate. Both citrate PD and lactate PD induced negative long-term effects on UF compared with control animals.

Low Mortality of Larval Lampreys from Electrofishing, Suction-pumping, Anesthesia, and Handling

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 640-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey C. Jolley ◽  
Christina T. Uh ◽  
Gregory S. Silver ◽  
Timothy A. Whitesel
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Pacific Lamprey ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Delayed Mortality

Abstract Native lamprey populations are declining worldwide. In the Pacific Northwest focus on conservation and management of these ecologically and culturally important species has increased. Concern has emerged regarding the effects of sampling and handling of lamprey, with little to no attention given to the larval lifestage. We monitored the survival of larval Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus and Lampetra spp. after backpack electrofishing, deepwater electrofishing and suction-pumping, anesthesia, and handling. We performed survival trials on wild-caught lamprey (n = 15 larvae in each trial) collected from the Clackamas River drainage in Oregon, USA, coupled with control group trials from lamprey sourced from a hatchery (n = 10 larvae). Short-term (96 h) survival was &gt;98% with only one observed mortality. Delayed mortality (1 wk) was observed for four individuals that had fungus; two of those were positive for the bacteria Aeromonas hyrdrophila. We recorded blood hematocrit as a secondary measure of stress. The baseline, nonstressed larvae hematocrit levels did not differ from those of fish that had undergone stress through electrofishing, suction-pumping, and handling without anesthesia. Electrofishing, suction-pumping, and anesthesia showed no short-term negative effects on larval lamprey although potential long-term effects remain unstudied. These techniques appear to provide efficient and relatively safe methods for collecting and surveying larval lamprey.

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