Who Will Care for Our Parents? Changing Boundaries of Family and Public Roles in Providing Care for the Aged in Urban China

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Traditional Family ◽  
Family Based

The combined effects of more and more elderly Chinese living in empty-nest households and into advanced age pose an unprecedented challenge to the traditional family care for the aged in China and raise concerns about how to provide long-term care for the needy elderly. It has been increasingly recognized that the traditional family-based support system alone is inadequate to cope with rapid social change and population aging in China and that there is an urgent need to explore and develop the role of extrafamilial involvement in meeting the needs of long-term care for the Chinese elderly. This study used the interview data collected in 2001 in the city of Wuhan, and three other surveys on eldercare in Wuhan between 1998 and 2005, to show what eldercare patterns have emerged to cope with the long-term care needs of the urban elderly. More specifically, it describes and discusses three new eldercare patterns: at-home eldercare (jujia yanglao), community-based eldercare (shequ yanglao), and institutional care (yanglao jigou yanglao).

Population Aging and Long-Term Care Needs

2018 ◽  
pp. 79-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Giles ◽  
Elena Glinskaya ◽  
Yaohui Zhao ◽  
Xinxin Chen ◽  
Yuqing Hu
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Term Care

Informal caregivers in Chile: the equity dimension of an invisible burden

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 792-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Villalobos Dintrans
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Informal Caregivers ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Term Care

Abstract Population aging is driving a process of increase in long-term care needs in Chile and many countries around the world. In this context, this article asks about the consequences of this increase in informal caregivers, emphasizing the inequity issues arising from these changes. Using the CASEN 2017 survey, caregivers are identified and matched to people with long-term care needs. Results show that most caregivers are women, and a large fraction of them are also elderly; this is similar to what has been found previously in developed countries. Caregivers have fewer opportunities than non-caregivers, which translates into lower income-generating ability and higher poverty. The nature of these tasks creates a vicious cycle in which people get trapped with increasing needs and fewer resources to meet them. Important differences arise between caregivers and the rest of the population. Even more concerning is that these disparities are avoidable to some extent, adding an equity dimension to the problem. This emphasizes the need for the generation of policies that will support caregivers and meet their needs.

Willingness to live in eldercare institutions among older adults in urban and rural China: a nationwide study

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
RITA JING-ANN CHOU
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Term Care

ABSTRACTRecent economic development and socio-cultural changes have made it increasingly difficult for Chinese families to provide eldercare. Consequently, institutional care has been strongly promoted to meet older adults' long-term care needs. Although it has been estimated that China needs more beds to meet such needs, unfilled beds have been reported nationwide. One reason for the low occupancy may be a lack of willingness among older adults to live in long-term care institutions. Based on a national survey of 20,255 older adults, this study examined the extent of willingness among older Chinese to live in eldercare institutions, and it was found that in urban and rural areas, only 20 and 17 per cent of older adults, respectively, were willing to do so. Using an integrated theoretical model and logistic regression analyses, this study shows that gender, perceived family harmony, perceived filial piety, socio-cultural beliefs and practices about raising children and eldercare, knowledge and opinion about eldercare institutions, and self-assessed economic status were associated with willingness to live in eldercare institutions for both urban and rural older adults, while other predictors of willingness had different effects. The paper concludes with a discussion of the substantive, theoretical and policy implications for long-term care in China.

scholarly journals Application of Smart Healthcare in LTCI, Outpatient Mutual-Aid Guarantee Mechanism, and Sustainability of Medical Insurance Fund for Urban Employees

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yating Ren ◽  
Zhe Yang
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
Insurance Fund ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Smart Healthcare ◽  
Long Run

With the aggravation of population aging and the increase of life expectancy, long-term care insurance (LTCI) system has been established to meet the medical and long-term care needs of the increasing elderly population. In China, LTCI system is currently not a stand-alone insurance, but it is attached to the national basic medical insurance fund for urban employees (MIUE). As a result, the expenditure of LTCI is a part of the expenditure of the MIUE, which has an impact on the sustainability of the MIUE. By modeling the income and expenditure of MIUE, especially including the expenditure of LTCI, this study optimized an LTCI system with a higher individual out-of-pocket payment ratio of LTCI and implementation of the outpatient mutual-aid guarantee mechanism (OMAGM), which could improve the sustainability of the MIUE. The study also reveals the following: (i) solely increasing individual out-of-pocket payment ratio of LTCI to 20%–50% can only postpone the deficit on Social Pooling Accounts (SPAs) by 1 or 2 years, and the effect is very limited. (ii) Besides a higher individual out-of-pocket payment ratio, further implementation of a partial OMAGM from 2022 will postpone the deficit on SPAs by 7–9 years, and the implementation of a complete OMAGM from 2022 will postpone the deficit by 14–18 years. Accordingly, China should implement OMAGM as soon as possible to enhance the solvency of MIUE fund, and, in the long run, an independent LTCI scheme should be established to ensure the stability and sustainability of the LTCI fund and the MIUE fund.

The Design of the Long-Term Care System in Spain: Policy and Financial Constraints

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Costa-Font ◽  
Concepció Patxot
Keyword(s):  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Model Of Care ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Traditional Family ◽  
Policy Concern ◽  
Family Based

The provision and financing of long-term care (LTC) in Spain has only recently become a policy concern. However, welfare policy reforms show the need to anticipate the effects of a transition from the traditional ‘family-based’ model of care (78 per cent of Spanish elders who are disabled are treated by their own families) to a modern ‘community-based’ model. This paper examines the current models of providing and funding long-term care in Spain and on the basis of the empirical evidence evaluates the prospects for the future organisation and funding of the system.

scholarly journals Caring for Thai Older Persons With Long-Term Care Needs

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1516-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Knodel ◽  
Bussarawan Teerawichitchainan ◽  
Wiraporn Pothisiri
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Situation Analysis ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Term Care

Objective: To provide a situation analysis of recent long-term care (LTC) needs among older persons in Thailand. Method: The 2014 Survey of Older Persons in Thailand (SOPT) provides data to assess patterns of caregiving, whether care needs are met, and who are main caregivers for older Thais. We examine how types of familial and nonfamilial caregivers are associated with the well-being of older persons. Results: The need for LTC increases sharply with age and is more common among women than men. Spouses and children constitute approximately 90% of main caregivers. The association of a family member as the main caregiver and education or value of assets is quite weak underscoring the general normative prescription for family members to serve as care providers. Discussion: Thailand is experiencing acute population aging but empirical evidence to support LTC needs remains lacking. This analysis helps close the gap.

scholarly journals Development dynamics of health and social infrastructure for the long-term care – The case of the Posavje region

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-277
Author(s):  
David Bogataj ◽  
Marija Bogataj ◽  
Marta Kavšek
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Assisted Living ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Term Care

Abstract Background and purpose The populations of rural areas across Europe, especially Slovenia, are ageing rapidly and the areas themselves are becoming depopulated. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to our understanding of the population dynamics and provide a method for forecasting housing and other long-term care needs. Method The surveys questioned those responsible for long-term care, the caretakers in institutional care, and current and potential homecare users in rural areas of Slovenia. We wanted to discover what they considered as crucial in the process of long-term care deinstitutionalization. Our 2020–2050 projections are based on the surveys conducted across 38 municipalities in the Eastern Slovenian region and an in-depth empirical study in Posavje. The results are embedded in the demographic projections and the multistate transition model of the declining functional capacities to forecast the needed housing facilities and human resources. Results The results are the time series of required capacities. Around 60% of respondents in Slovenian rural areas believe that even a better organization of homecare would not allow them to stay at home until death due to inadequately built housing and the absence of a continuous presence of caregivers. These findings were included in the projections. Therefore, community care in the network of Smart Silver Villages was proposed. Discussion Investments are needed to renovate the housing stock of older adults and construct sheltered, assisted living housing and specialized households in the community. Moreover, proper education and training of human resources would increase the output. In addition, financial solutions are advised to develop Smart Silver Villages.

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