scholarly journals Characteristics of Mexican Leather Footwear Industry and its International Trade Activity, Correlation of Productivity, and Competitiveness

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Y. D. Cisneros-Reyes ◽  
J. E. Rocha-Ibarra ◽  
M. G. Arredondo-Hidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Intermediate Inputs ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Footwear Industry ◽  
Pearson Coefficient ◽  
Productivity Factor ◽  
Production Value ◽  
Total Productivity ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness

This paper focuses on analyzing the globalization effect on the Mexican leather footwear industry at a firm-level. In this work, the analysis of competitiveness is done based on the definition given by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). They defined it as ‘a measure of a country's advantage or disadvantage in selling its products in international market’. The productivity of the Mexican leather footwear industry was calculated using the Latin American-KLEMS Model that relates gross output to primary (Capital and Labor) and intermediate inputs (Energy, Other intermediate goods, and Services). Furthermore, firms were categorized considering the number of employees, the annual value of production, and the commercial diversification in order to calculate the correlation Pearson coefficient. Firstly, the results show that the correlation of production value with the number of exporting companies is bigger than the correlation of the importing companies. Secondly, that the correlation of Total Productivity Factor (TPF) to exports is strong (0.7028); and finally, that the correlation of Total Productivity Factor (TPF) to imports is also significant (0.6511).

Servitization of Industry: New Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
V. Kondrat’ev ◽  
G. Kedrova ◽  
V. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Policy Regime ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
New Business ◽  
Use Of Services

A significant increase in the use of services is observed for some industries in GVCs (Global Value Chains). The paper has shed light on important dimension of the servitization which is the sale and export of services by manufacturing firms, often bundled together with goods. Firm-level data confirm that many firms are involved both in the production of goods and services and that there are complementarities between these activities. Not only manufacturing firms are involved in the distribution, transport and logistics services needed for their international operations in GVCs but also, they provide installation, maintenance, repair services as well as a variety of other business support and complementary services that increase value for their customers. The servitization has important policy implications, particularly when taking into account the fact that trade in services is generally more restricted than trade in goods. As the lines between goods and services are blurred, economic policy today might be more challenging than in the past, particularly for companies moving to new business models that imply more interactions with customers and a more intensive use of digital technologies. Services themselves are split into different modes of supply for which there are different levels of economic policy. A closer look at the mechanisms of value creation in the case of services suggests that there are still the needs of new economic policy addressed at business models described as value networks or value shops. As technologies become more disruptive and more companies move to ‘servicified’ GVCs, the need for a more consistent international economic policy regime, particularly at the multilateral level, will become more urgent.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 on the trade of goods and services in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asier Minondo
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Trade Of Services ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on the trade of goods and services in Spain. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses monthly trade data at the product, region and firm level. Findings The COVID-19 crisis has led to the sharpest collapse in the Spanish trade of goods and services in recent decades. The containment measures adopted to arrest the spread of the virus have caused an especially intense fall of trade in services. The large share of transport equipment, capital goods, products that are consumed outdoors (i.e., outdoor goods) and tourism in Spanish exports has made the COVID-19 trade crisis more intense in Spain than in the rest of the European Union. Practical implications The nature of the collapse suggests that trade in goods can recover swiftly when the health crisis ends. However, COVID-19 may have a long-term negative impact on the trade of services that rely on the movement of people. Originality/value It contributes to understand how COVID-19 has affected the trade in goods and services in Spain.

A Different Perspective for the Financial Crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Clemente Baena Soares
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Latin American ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Central American ◽  
South American ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Entire Region ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Interest Payments

The Latin American and Caribbean countries are facing a serious financial crisis. External debt in the region is over $360 billion, and seven South American countries are among the ten largest debtors in the world. Interest payments alone required, in the years of 1982, 1983, and 1984, more than 35% of total regional exports of goods and services, a percentage which reached the extreme level of over 50% for one country. To be sure, this problem mostly affects the largest economies, since most of the Central American and Caribbean countries apply to interest payments less than 20% of their exports. The debt problem is a reality for the entire region, and it makes it difficult for all the countries to obtain new external financing.

Effect of Recent Global Financial Crisis on South Asian Economy with Special Reference to India

2015 ◽  
pp. 355-378
Author(s):  
Chiranjib Neogi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Export Market ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
World Demand ◽  
Asian Economy ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness

Most of the Asian countries were affected adversely for the recent global financial crisis, especially those economies whose growths are largely depended on the external trade. It has been observed over time and again that Indian economy has not been significantly harmed by the waves of global financial and economic crises because of its large domestic market, which can accommodate any external shock. During the phase of shrinking world demand of domestic goods and services, efforts to raise productivity and competitiveness helps countries to protect export market. This chapter investigates the dependence on the external market and the effect of global financial crisis on the trade structure of some Asian countries. Some detail studies will be done for India in respect of compositional changes and productivity and efficiency changes of different industries within manufacturing sector during pre and post crisis period. Efficiency and productivity will be analyzed using frontier model.

When Officials Govern

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-61
Author(s):  
David Skarbek
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Illegal Drug Use ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Prison Populations

3 shows how in Nordic counties, prison officials provide significantly more resources, more competent administration, and higher-quality governance than is found in Latin American prisons. As a result, prisoners have few reasons to spend time, energy, and resources on providing these same goods and services. The chapter goes on to show that there are few prisoner-created organizations with relatively little influence on the everyday life of prisoners, and social norms are the predominant governance mechanism in place as small prison populations make gossip and ostracism powerful tools for punishing bad behavior. Even in the sphere of illegal drug use, prisoners do not use markets to coordinate the use of resources, relying instead on a system of sharing.

scholarly journals Import Liberalization of Intermediates and Environment: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Yun He ◽  
Liang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Intermediate Inputs ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scale Composition ◽  
Level Lowering

This paper investigates how the import liberalization of intermediates affects firm-level pollution emissions. We divide the impact of freer import of intermediates on pollution emissions into induced scale, composition and technique effects and then develop interaction terms to examine these effects. Relying on a panel of plant-level data from China manufacturing sector for the period 2001 to 2007, we find freer import of intermediate inputs is conducive to pollution reductions at the plant level, lowering pollution via induced technique and composition effects and, in turn, increasing emission through induced scale effect. In summary, import liberalization of intermediate inputs can contribute to the better environmental performance of China manufacturing sector.

scholarly journals LABOR COSTS AND COST OF LABOR: CONCEPTS, TRENDS, INDICATORS

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Gennadii KULIKOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Production Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Concepts of “labor costs” and “cost of labor” have been refined. Differences between the concepts of “labor costs” and “total cost of labor”, “price of labor” and “wages”, “compensation” and “wages”, “labor costs” and “staff costs” are shown. The concept of “labor costs not belonging to the wage fund” is specified. Significance of these costs as a workforce reproduction factor in the system of social and labor relations is considered. Trends in labor costs and their structural elements in Ukraine and abroad are revealed and their comparative analysis is carried out. The difference between the “production value of labor force” (that is, “real cost of labor for producer”) and the “real consumer value of labor force” (that is, “real cost of labor for employee” as a consumer of goods and services) is justified. Differences in cost of labor indicators in Ukraine and the EU countries are shown and proposals to use new indicators are suggested. Recommendations on development of the system of accounting for the cost of labor in terms of its flexibility, efficiency and reliability are elaborated, in particular, concerning the quarterly accounting of cost of labor indices, hourly wages and labor cost levels. Purposes of using the statistical information on employer’s expenses for maintaining the workforce are determined. Indicators of the costs of maintaining the workforce were estimated by users of this information. The need of enterprises for additional information is justified.

scholarly journals Digital technologies, employment, and skills

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Reljic ◽  
Rinaldo Evangelista ◽  
Mario Pianta
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Intermediate Inputs ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
The Uk ◽  
European Economies

Abstract This article investigates the relationship between the diffusion of digital technologies, employment, and skills. The empirical analysis is carried out on industry-level data of six major European economies (Germany, France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK) over the 2009–2014 period. We analyze two dimensions of digitalization: industries’ consumption of intermediate inputs from digitally intensive sectors and investment in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tangible and intangible assets, considering also patterns of demand, education, technological change, and offshoring. The results show that job creation in industries is positively associated with an increasing share of digital goods and services in total intermediate inputs and is negatively linked with processes of ICT capital deepening. We then explore how these two different patterns of digitalization are related to the evolution of four occupational groups—managers, clerks, craft, and Manual workers, defined on the basis of International Standard Classification of Occupations classes—finding a positive link between ICT consumption and managerial jobs, and negative ones between digital variables and mid-skill occupations.

Cooperation and novelty innovation: a study for Argentina

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Pasciaroni ◽  
Andrea Barbero
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Firm Innovation ◽  
Industrial Firms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Partners ◽  
Innovation Surveys ◽  
Partner Types

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the influence of cooperation on the degree of novelty of technological innovations introduced by industrial firms in Argentina. This influence is analysed from three perspectives: cooperation by partner type [business partners or scientific and technological centres (S&T) partners]; cooperation by number of partner types, from no cooperation to cooperation with two partner types; and cooperation by goals pursued by firms. Design/methodology/approach The data come from one of the last national innovation surveys conducted in Argentina. The study controls for endogeneity, using instrumental variable procedures within the conditional mixed-process (CMP) framework. Findings The main result is the influence of cooperation with universities and S&T centres on the introduction of more novel innovations, which was found both in estimations with and without endogeneity correction. This influence was verified for more complex goals (R&D, technology transfer and industrial design and engineering) as well as for less complex ones (tests and trials, human resources training, quality management and certification). Business cooperation seems to impact only on a lower degree of novelty for more complex goals. The increase in the number of partners that the firm cooperates with, from no cooperation to joint cooperation with two partner types, influences more novel innovations. Research limitations/implications Limitations and proposals for future research are discussed at the end of the study. Practical implications The results of this study contrast with the high propensity to cooperate with business partners shown by firms in Argentina and other Latin American countries. Therefore, this paper may help formulate more effective policies to promote cooperation conducive to firm innovation performance. Limitations and proposals for future research are discussed at the end of the study. Originality/value Although there is empirical evidence on this topic for developed countries, firm-level studies on cooperation and degree of novelty are scarce for Latin America. In addition, this paper analyses cooperation not only by type of partner but also by type of goal. This study attempted to control for endogeneity by using instrumental variables within the CMP framework.

Educational Model for the Development of Higher Education in the Latin American Society

10.29007/pr79 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Santander
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
World Economic ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
American Society ◽  
Teacher Productivity ◽  
Teaching In Higher Education ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness

The Latin American educational context contains particular features (aspects) that make the Learning - Teaching in higher education process a real challenge for the professor, the student and for the institution that makes it necessary to design a model based on four relevant lines of work. Leadership, technology, research and projects.Lines of work that influence the gap between the expectations and needs of the community with respect to teacher productivity and competitiveness. For this reason we propose a model appropriate to the context that seeks to work in conjunction with networks and communities of professionals of the Ecosystem of innovation and entrepreneurship in addition to the main actors of educational institutions.The model aims to achieve in educational institutions a worldwide competitive level, which allows to face the new challenges of the 4th industrial revolution that were set in the World Economic Forum in 2018. Forming competitive professionals and prepared for these new challenges with international validations of their skills, which allow us to meet the commitments and expectations with society to be generators of research, innovation and development that contributes to the growth and improvement of our communities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document