scholarly journals LABOR COSTS AND COST OF LABOR: CONCEPTS, TRENDS, INDICATORS

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Gennadii KULIKOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Production Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Concepts of “labor costs” and “cost of labor” have been refined. Differences between the concepts of “labor costs” and “total cost of labor”, “price of labor” and “wages”, “compensation” and “wages”, “labor costs” and “staff costs” are shown. The concept of “labor costs not belonging to the wage fund” is specified. Significance of these costs as a workforce reproduction factor in the system of social and labor relations is considered. Trends in labor costs and their structural elements in Ukraine and abroad are revealed and their comparative analysis is carried out. The difference between the “production value of labor force” (that is, “real cost of labor for producer”) and the “real consumer value of labor force” (that is, “real cost of labor for employee” as a consumer of goods and services) is justified. Differences in cost of labor indicators in Ukraine and the EU countries are shown and proposals to use new indicators are suggested. Recommendations on development of the system of accounting for the cost of labor in terms of its flexibility, efficiency and reliability are elaborated, in particular, concerning the quarterly accounting of cost of labor indices, hourly wages and labor cost levels. Purposes of using the statistical information on employer’s expenses for maintaining the workforce are determined. Indicators of the costs of maintaining the workforce were estimated by users of this information. The need of enterprises for additional information is justified.

SELISIH BIAYA PRODUKSI SEBAGAI ALAT PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN PT INDO PUSAKA BERAU

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
SAFITRI NURHIDAYATI ◽  
RIZKI AMELYA SYAM
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to analyze whether the difference that occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs between the standard costs and the actual costs in PLTU LATI is a difference that is favorable or unfavorable. Data collection techniques with field research and library research. The analytical tool used is the analysis of the difference in raw material costs, the difference in direct labor costs and the difference in factory overhead costs. The hypothesis in this study is that the difference allegedly occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb is a favorable difference. The results showed that the difference in the cost of producing MWh electricity at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb in 2018, namely the difference in the price of raw material costs Rp. 548,029.80, - is favorable, the difference in quantity of raw materials is Rp. 957,216,602, - is (favorable) , the difference in direct labor costs Rp 2,602,642,084, - is (unfavorable), and the difference in factory overhead costs Rp 8,807,051,422, - is (favorable) This shows that the difference in the overall production cost budget is favorable or profitable. This beneficial difference shows that the company is really able to reduce production costs optimally in 2018.  

scholarly journals Employing multiple synchronous outcome samples per subject to improve study efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger P. A’Hern
Keyword(s):  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Intra Class Correlation ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
True Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Multiple Samples

Abstract Background Accuracy can be improved by taking multiple synchronous samples from each subject in a study to estimate the endpoint of interest if sample values are not highly correlated. If feasible, it is useful to assess the value of this cluster approach when planning studies. Multiple assessments may be the only method to increase power to an acceptable level if the number of subjects is limited. Methods The main aim is to estimate the difference in outcome between groups of subjects by taking one or more synchronous primary outcome samples or measurements. A summary statistic from multiple samples per subject will typically have a lower sampling error. The number of subjects can be balanced against the number of synchronous samples to minimize the sampling error, subject to design constraints. This approach can include estimating the optimum number of samples given the cost per subject and the cost per sample. Results The accuracy improvement achieved by taking multiple samples depends on the intra-class correlation (ICC). The lower the ICC, the greater the benefit that can accrue. If the ICC is high, then a second sample will provide little additional information about the subject’s true value. If the ICC is very low, adding a sample can be equivalent to adding an extra subject. Benefits of multiple samples include the ability to reduce the number of subjects in a study and increase both the power and the available alpha. If, for example, the ICC is 35%, adding a second measurement can be equivalent to adding 48% more subjects to a single measurement study. Conclusion A study’s design can sometimes be improved by taking multiple synchronous samples. It is useful to evaluate this strategy as an extension of a single sample design. An Excel workbook is provided to allow researchers to explore the most appropriate number of samples to take in a given setting.

scholarly journals Structural Transformation, the Mismeasurement of Productivity Growth, and the Cost Disease of Services

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 3635-3667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alwyn Young
Keyword(s):  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Employment Share ◽  
Alternative Characterization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Relative Productivity ◽  
Absolute Advantage

If workers self-select into industries based upon their relative productivity in different tasks, and comparative advantage is aligned with absolute advantage, then the average efficacy of a sector's workforce will be negatively correlated with its employment share. This might explain the difference in the reported productivity growth of contracting goods and expanding services. Instrumenting with defense expenditures, I find the elasticity of worker efficacy with respect to employment shares is substantially negative, albeit estimated imprecisely. The estimates suggest that the view that goods and services have similar productivity growth rates is a plausible alternative characterization of growth in developed economies. (JEL E23, E24, H56, J24, O41, O47)

scholarly journals Employing Multiple Synchronous Outcome Samples Per Subject to Improve Study Efficiency.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A'Hern
Keyword(s):  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Intra Class Correlation ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
True Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Multiple Samples

Abstract Background: Accuracy can be improved by taking multiple synchronous samples from each subject in a study to estimate the endpoint of interest if sample values are not highly correlated. If feasible, it is useful to assess the value of this cluster approach when planning studies. Multiple assessments may be the only method to increase power to an acceptable level if the number of subjects is limited.Methods: The main aim is to estimate the difference in outcome between groups of subjects by taking one or more synchronous primary outcome samples or measurements. A summary statistic from multiple samples per subject will typically have a lower sampling error. The number of subjects can be balanced against the number of synchronous samples to minimize the sampling error, subject to design constraints. This approach can include estimating the optimum number of samples given the cost per subject and the cost per sample.Results: The accuracy improvement achieved by taking multiple samples depends on the intra-class correlation (ICC). The lower the ICC, the greater the benefit that can accrue. If the ICC is high, then a second sample will provide little additional information about the subject's true value. If the ICC is very low, adding a sample can be equivalent to adding an extra subject. Benefits of multiple samples include the ability to reduce the number of subjects in a study and increase both the power and the available alpha. If, for example, the ICC is 35%, adding a second measurement can be equivalent to adding 48% more subjects to a single measurement study.Conclusion: A study's design can sometimes be improved by taking multiple synchronous samples. It is useful to evaluate this strategy as an extension of a single sample design. An Excel workbook is provided to allow researchers to explore the most appropriate number of samples to take in a given setting.

scholarly journals Analisis Penerapan Metode Full Costing Dalam Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Untuk Penetapan Harga Jual

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
Alviani Lestari ◽  
Siti Ita Rosita ◽  
Tri Marlina
Keyword(s):  
Labor Cost ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Overhead Cost ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Lemari Syukur Factory is a home industry that produces wardrobe cabinets. It determines selling price based estimation which is inappropriate. The main issue is that the company does not possess proper cost classification system in determining the cost of goods sold.  This research is aimed to assist determining the cost of production as the basis for making up finished goods price using full costing method. This research includes quallitative analysis research. Data were collected through interviews and documentation and analyzed by qualitative analysis techniques. The study resulted (1) for cost of goods sold calculation, the factory charged direct material costs of Rp. 325.000.000, direct labor cost of Rp. 211.200.000 and factory overhead cost of Rp. 556,800,000. Total production cost to produce 2,196 units of cabinets in one year amounted to Rp. 1.093.000.000. The factory estimated cost of goods sold for each unit is of Rp. 497.723, and the selling price per cabinet unit is Rp. 500.000. (2) Using full costing method, the cost calculation consisted of direct material costs of Rp. 325.000.000, direct labor cost equal to Rp. 211.200.000, factory overhead fixed cost Rp. 12,042,250, and variable factory overhead cost Rp. Rp. 525.550.000. Thus, the cost of production was Rp. 1,073,792,250 for 2,196 units of cabinets. The cost of goods sold per cabinet unit is Rp. 488.976 and the selling price is Rp. 619.559. (3) The difference in cost of goods sold between full costing and the factory calculation is of Rp 8.747. While the difference between finished product price using full costing and the factory estimation is Rp 133.766.                                          

scholarly journals PENGARUH BIAYA PAKAN DAN TENAGA KERJA TERHADAP KEUNTUNGAN USAHA AYAM RAS PETELUR MILIK VONY KANAGA DI KELURAHAN TAWAAN KOTA BITUNG (Study kasus)

ZOOTEC ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Brian Tumion ◽  
V V.J Panelewen ◽  
A Makalew ◽  
B Rorimpandey
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Measured Variable ◽  
Chicken Farm ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTEFFECT OF FEED AND OPERATING COSTS ON PROFIT OF CHICKEN LAYING FARM OWNED BY VONY KANAGA AT TAWAAN VILLAGE IN BITUNG CITY (Case study). This research was conducted in Vony Kanaga laying farm located in District Ranowulu Bitung City. The research problem was how the influence of feed and labor costs to the amount of profits and how much profit can be obtained at the company laying chicken farm in the district of Bitung City Ranowulu. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of feed and labor costs against profits in laying chicken company, to find out the benefits of the company laying chicken farm in the district of Bitung City Ranowulu. The data collection method is using a field survey using primary and secondary data. Subdistrict Ranowulu Bitung determined based on the largest population in the city of Bitung. Model analysis of data that multiple linear regression analysis and profit. The measured variable is the cost of feed, labor costs and profits. The result showed that the average cost of laying chicken feed per day is Rp. 7.813.410. The average labor cost per day is Rp. 2.388.000. Total Proceeds from the sale of eggs and feces in the company-owned chicken laying Vony Kanaga Rp. 13.514.520 so as to obtain profit of Rp. 3.313.110. Based on the results of this study concluded that the cost of feed and labor simultaneously significant effect on profits in the company-owned farm chicken laying Vony Kanaga in District Ranowulu Bitung City. Company-owned farm chicken laying Vony Kanaga in District Ranowulu gives an average profit of Rp. 3.313.110 Keywords: Feed Cost, Labor Cost, Pro

scholarly journals ANALISYS PRODUCTION COST of SAWMILL ON THE PT KATINGAN TIMBER CELEBES IN WAMLANA VILLAGE BURU REGENCY

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-79
Author(s):  
Fitri N.S. Ellis ◽  
Troice E. Siahaya ◽  
Mersiana Sahureka
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Overhead Cost ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
Sawmill Industry ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

The objective of this study was to find out components of production cost and analyzing the cost of production materials which used full costing method and variable costing method. This research was conducted at October 2019 on PT. Katingan Timber Celebes Wamlana Village, Fenaleisela Subdistrict, Buru Regency. The company is a buried sawmill industry at Buru Island when has a primary industrial license for timber. Research data were collected by observation, documentation and interview methods, and then analyzed by full costing and variable costing methods. The result showed that the components of production cost consist of raw materials cost, direct labor cost used fixed factory overhead cost and variable factory overhead cost. The cost of production used costing method have value of  Rp.5.120.341.644,- more higher compered to variable costing is Rp.4.542.320.899,- the difference value of the cost of production due to full costing methods which imposes the fixed overhead cost and the variable overhead cost, that the cost of production is higher than with variable costing methods which imposes by factory overhead cost.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Reliability Analysis Methods of Tunneling Equipment

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-229
Author(s):  
Sina Ahmadi ◽  
Mohsen Hajihassani ◽  
S. Moosazadeh ◽  
H. Moomivand
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Past ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
System A ◽  
Equipment Reliability ◽  
Tree Methods ◽  
The Cost

The absolute prevention of damage occurrence is not possible, thus reducing the probability of failure in a system and its impact is very important regarding the operation of a whole system. A failure in a system or in its subsystems makes negative results such as the stop in the production process, rising labor costs, and increasing the cost of maintenance. Reliability, in recent years, is mentioned as one of the most significant aspects of the quality of goods and services. In the past, reliability concerned sensitive and complex industries such as military, nuclear, and aerospace where the lack of their reliability could cause irreparable damage to the entire system. However, today it has become a universal concern. Tunneling equipment has grown in size and complexity and therefore, lack of reliability may cause massive costs to this equipment. Therefore, reliability determination in order to identify the components and subsystems with low reliability is essential. The aim of this study is to review the methods of tunneling equipment reliability analysis including statistical analysis, failure mode and effects analysis, Markov and fault tree methods. In addition, previous available research on the reliability analysis of tunneling equipment is presented.

PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI DENGAN METODE FULL COSTING PADA USAHA AMPLANG UD. TAUFIK JAYA MAKMUR DI SAMARINDA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Period

Determination of cost of goods must be applied appropriately and careful, because this can help entrepreneurs to compete in a manner well and in a relatively long period of time. The purpose of this study was to determine the calculation of the cost of production of the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Samarinda business which is used today and the calculation of the cost of production in the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Samarinda business according to the full costing method. Full costing is a method of determining the cost of production that takes into account all elements of production costs into the cost of production, which consists of the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs, both behaving variable and fixed. The method used in this research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The variables of this study include the cost of production using the full costing method. Data analysis was performed by calculating the cost of production based on the concept of the full costing method. The results showed that the results of the analysis of the calculation of the Cost of Production of envelopes per kg in the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Endeavor conducted at present were Rp. 80,312.50 per kg. Whereas the Cost of Production of envelopes per kg in the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Business in Samarinda if calculated using the full costing method is Rp 83,068.23 per kg. The difference in cost of production of the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Amplang Business conducted so far using the full costing method for the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Endeavor is Rp 2,755.73 per kg. It is recommended that UD Taufik Jaya Makmur in Samarinda should calculate and charge all elements of the factory overhead costs in one production period (month). This is done so that information about the cost of production can be a good basis for the factory in setting the selling price of envelopes at UD Taufik Jaya Makmur in Samarinda.

scholarly journals STRUKTUR PASAR DAN ANALISIS KEUNTUNGAN KOPI ARABICA RAKYAT DI KECAMATAN SUMBER WRINGIN BONDOWOSO

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Rini Purwatiningsih ◽  
Adi Ismanto
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
Coffee Farmers ◽  
Cost Of Drugs ◽  
The Cost

Arabica coffee production in District Sumberwringin 2011 reached 6.08 tonnes with a productivity of 0.17 tonnes / ha. Total production and productivity is the largest number compared with other sub-districts in the regency, This study aims to: (1) find out the factors influencing the income of coffee farmers, (2) Proving the market structure formed at the level of smallholder coffee farmers is oligopsoni. Locations were selected in District Sumberwringin because it is a major production center or people's coffee-producing regency. The sampling technique using snowball sampling. The total number of samples are 30 people arabica coffee grower and 30 people robusta coffee grower. The analysis are linear regression and the concentration ratio (CR).The result in arabica coffee: the cost of drugs and labor costs have a significant effect on income, while the area of ​​land and the cost of fertilizer have no significant effect on income. The result in robusta coffee: land area and labor cost have real effect to income, while fertilizer cost and drug cost have no significant effect to income. By calculating the value of CR found more than 80 percent that the structure of the coffee market in the District Sumberwringin monopsony or oligopsony heavy concentration.

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