Advances in stand management and regeneration

2019 ◽  
pp. 447-488
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Dean ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stand Management

Growth and management of mixed Pinus sylvestris - Quercus robur stands in Flanders, Belgium

1993 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Maddelein ◽  
J. Neirynck ◽  
G. Sioen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Pine Stands

Mature  Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris  L.) stands are dominating large parts of the Flemish forest area. Broadleaved  species regenerate spontaneously under this pine canopy. This study studied  the growth and development of two planted pine stands with an older natural  regeneration, dominated by pedunculate oak (Quercus  robur L.), and discussed management options for  similar stands.     The results indicated a rather good growth of the stands, with current  annual increments of 5 m3.ha-1.yr-1. The pine overstorey is growing into valuable sawwood  dimensions, while the broadleaved understorey slowly grows into the  upperstorey. The quality of the regeneration is moderate but can be improved  by silvicultural measurements (pruning, early selection).     In both stands, an interesting (timber production, nature conservation)  admixture of secondary tree species is present in the regeneration. Stand  management is evolving from the classical clearcut system towards a  combination of a type of selection and group selection system.

scholarly journals Digital Transformation of Forest Services in Finland—A Case Study for Improving Business Processes

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 781
Author(s):  
Ville Kankaanhuhta ◽  
Tuula Packalen ◽  
Kari Väätäinen
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Young Stand ◽  
Commercial Viability ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Agile Software

This case study introduces an innovation and development concept for agile software tools for the improvement of the productivity and customer experience of forest services. This need was recognized in the context of the opening of forest data and the development of service platforms for a forest-based bioeconomy in Finland. The forest services that were studied covered a continuum from a single type of work, e.g., soil preparation and young stand management through timber procurement, to comprehensive forest property management services. The study concentrated on the needs of micro-, small, and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which provide either retail- or business to business (B2B) services as sub-contractors. In addition, the challenges and bottlenecks in service processes detected by other stakeholders were considered. The prevailing service processes were conceptually modelled in order to search for opportunities for improvements in business and ecosystem services, i.e., agile software concepts. For example, we examined whether it would be possible to create opportunities for flexible operational models for precision, resilience, and protection of valuable microsites in forests. These software concepts were developed and evaluated in co-operation with the stakeholders in a co-creative workshop. The technological feasibility and commercial viability of the concepts, as well as the desirability for the customer were considered. The results of this business development process—i.e., agile software concepts and their anticipated benefits—were provided for further evaluation. In addition to the practical implications of this kind of innovation process tested, the potential of these kinds of agile tools for the further development of knowledge-intensive service processes was further discussed.

The influence of hardwood content on balsam fir defoliation by spruce budworm

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1620-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Su ◽  
Ted D. Needham ◽  
David A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Generalized Model ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
Model Combining

Changing stand composition by increasing hardwood content has been suggested as a long-term method for reducing susceptibility and vulnerability of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) to spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)). Twenty-five mixed balsam fir–hardwood stands were selected in northern New Brunswick, with five stands in each 20% hardwood class (0–20, 21–40%, etc.). Defoliation each year from 1989 to 1993 was significantly (p < 0.0001) related to hardwood content, with r2 ranging from 0.57 to 0.81. As hardwood content increased, defoliation of balsam fir decreased. From 1989 to 1992, the years of moderate to severe defoliation, balsam fir stands with <40% hardwoods sustained 58–71% defoliation, on average, versus 12–15% defoliation in stands with >80% hardwood. A generalized model combining hardwood content and the estimated defoliation in pure softwood stands in a given year explained 77% of the variation in defoliation over stands and years. This study indicated that mixed balsam fir–hardwood stand management, with hardwood content >40%, could substantially reduce losses during spruce budworm outbreaks. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanism involved, but our working hypothesis is that greater hardwood content increased the diversity or populations of natural enemies such as birds and parasitoids.

Canada's oldest permanent sample plots — thinning in white and red pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darwin Burgess ◽  
Craig Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Set Up

Two of the oldest permanent sample plots (PSPs) in Canada were set up at Petawawa, Ontario (45° 57′ N, 77° 34′ W) to examine the effect of thinning on the development of natural white (Pinus strobus L.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait). Field data were collected periodically, starting in 1918 when the stand was 40 years old and continuing for 71 years. Six thinning treatments were completed, beginning in 1918, and then in 1933, 1941, 1959, 1969 and 1989. The intensity of thinning varied through time with 14, 27, 38, 8, 30, and 7% of the basal area removed. The sawlog volume mean annual increment for the thinned plot remained stable at about five m3 ha−1 yr−1, but the sawlog volume periodic annual increment for the control declined markedly during the last 10-year measurement period to less than 2 m3 ha−1 yr−1. The residual volume was higher in the control; but, if the harvested sawlog volume (264.5 m3 ha−1) was added to the residual sawlog volume (301.3 m3 ha−1) for PSP one, then the sawlog production on the thinned plot has been about the same and its residual volume concentrated on fewer, larger and more valuable trees. The level of natural mortality in the control plot (129.7 m3 ha−1 of sawlog volume) was greater than 10 times that in the thinned plot, thereby adding more coarse woody debris to improve wildlife habitat. These two approaches had a major influence on stand development. The approach used will depend on specific stand-level management objectives. Key words: white pine, red pine, natural stand management, shelterwood system, permanent sample plots.

Effect of decision variable definition and data aggregation on a search process applied to a single-tree simulator

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1057-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peder Wikström
Keyword(s):  
Tabu Search ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
Search Process ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Harvest Timing ◽  
Execution Times

This paper focuses on how computer execution times and net present value (NPV) are affected by different groupings of tree-selection harvest controls, different procedures to determine harvest timing, and tree data aggregation. The problems related to stand management are viewed as a hierarchy, where the main problem is determining harvest periods and the subordinate problem is determining what trees to cut in a given set of harvest periods. The solution technique is a derivative-free search process, and the objective is to maximize the NPV of harvest revenues for a stand over a given planning horizon. The tree-selection harvest controls are based on diameter and species groupings. The procedure to determine harvest timing is based on Tabu search and fixed cutting cycles, respectively. Sensitivity analysis is performed for a selection of stands in southern Sweden, where each stand is represented by a set of inventoried plots. Both even-aged and uneven-aged management are considered. Solutions improved with the number of decision variables. The Tabu search procedure proved very efficient at determining harvest periods for the even-aged problems. For the uneven-aged problems, fixed cutting cycles approximated the harvest timing problem, but at considerably shorter execution times. It is suggested that aggregated data be used for determining harvest timing, after which, using the original nonaggregated data, the tree-selection problem for a given set of harvest periods can be resolved.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effect of Lophodermium Needle Cast on The Growth of Scots Pine and Implications for Financial Outcomes

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Āris Jansons ◽  
Pauls Zeltiņš ◽  
Jānis Donis ◽  
Una Neimane
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Needle Cast ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Negative Effect

In Northern Europe, climate change may facilitate the prevalence of Scots pine, yet also promote the spread of pathogens attacking this species. A common biotic risk for Scots pine in nurseries and young stands is Lophodermium needle cast, primarily caused by Lophodermium seditiosum, which negatively affects the survival and growth of saplings. Reduced tree growth has been observed several years after damage by Lophodermium needle cast. However, for decision-making in protection or resistance breeding, an estimate of financial loss is important. Thus, the study aimed to assess the long-term influence of Lophodermium needle cast on the growth and financial value of Scots pine stands. The effect of needle cast damage during the sixth growing season on growth at the age of 17 years was evaluated in a control-crossed Scots pine progeny trial, and the results indicated a significantly negative effect on the height and diameter of the trees. A significant family effect also existed on the severity of the needle cast damage. Long-term simulations indicated that severely damaged Scots pines had a reduced equivalent annual annuity (EAA) of almost 100% at the final harvest. More intensive early management to reduce stand density could partly compensate for losses caused by needle cast. A higher EAA for the most resistant group of trees regardless of the stand management scenarios suggests an economically justified potential for improved resistance. Strong negative (−0.62 to −0.70) correlations of height and survival with the proportion of severely affected trees at the family mean level implies that resistant genotypes can be selected along with improved growth in progeny trials, which are affected by needle cast.

On the economics of optimal timber production in boreal Scots pine stands

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 719-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli Tahvonen ◽  
Sampo Pihlainen ◽  
Sami Niinimäki
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Pattern Search ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Volume Yield

This study analyzes the optimal management of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands by applying recent developments in numerical optimization methods and forest production ecology. Our approach integrates a process-based, stand-level growth model and a detailed economic description of stand management. The variables optimized include the initial stand density, the number, timing, type, and intensity of thinnings, and the rotation period. A generalized pattern search is used to maximize the present value of net timber revenue over an infinite time horizon. The model adopts quality pricing, which takes branch size and quality into account, to differentiate among five different timber assortments. The analysis also covers five different site types. The results demonstrate the necessity of optimizing all of the management variables simultaneously. Given a low interest rate, optimized thinning significantly increases the rotation period, volume yield, and economic outcome. At higher interest rates, optimal rotation may be shortest under the least fertile growth conditions. The inclusion of a detailed price structure reveals that previous results concerning sensitivity to timber price and the relationship between maximum sustainable yield and economic solutions do not hold true in models that provide a more realistic description of forest management.

scholarly journals Erratum

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-811 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Set Up

Two of the oldest permanent sample plots (PSPs) in Canada were set up at Petawawa, Ontario (45° 57′ N, 77° 34′ W) to examine the effect of thinning on the development of natural white (Pinus strobus L.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.). Field data were collected periodically, starting in 1918 when the stand was 40 years old and continuing for 71 years. Six thinning treatments were completed, beginning in 1918, and then in 1933,1941,1959,1969 and 1989. The intensity of thinning varied through time with 14, 27, 38, 8, 30, and 7% of the basal area removed. The sawlog volume mean annual increment for the thinned plot remained stable at about five m3 ha−1 yr−1, but the sawlog volume periodic annual increment for the control declined markedly during the last 10-year measurement period to less than 2 m3 ha−1 yr−1. The residual volume was higher in the control; but, if the harvested sawlog volume (264.5 m3 ha−1) was added to the residual sawlog volume (301.3 m3 ha−1) for PSP one, then the sawlog production on the thinned plot has been about the same and its residual volume concentrated on fewer, larger and more valuable trees. The level of natural mortality in the control plot (129.7 m3 ha−1 of sawlog volume) was greater than 10 times that in the thinned plot, thereby adding more coarse woody debris to improve wildlife habitat. These two approaches had a major influence on stand development. The approach used will depend on specific stand-level management objectives. Key words: white pine, red pine, natural stand management, shelterwood system, permanent sample plots

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