scholarly journals Pet Lamb and Clothed Hyena: Law as an Oppressive Force in Jane Eyre

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Alexander Maine
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Jane Eyre ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Status ◽  
Social Difficulties ◽  
Moral Behaviour ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Social Difficulty

Writing in 1864, the literary critic Justin M’Carthy stated that ‘the greatest social difficulty in England today is the relationship between men and women.’ This came at a time of unprecedented social and legal change of the status of women in the 19th Century. A prominent novel of the time concerning such social difficulty is Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre: An Autobiography which attempts to reflect these social difficulties as often resulting from law. As such, the novel may be used as a reflection of the condition of nineteenth century English law as an oppressive force against women. This force is one that enacts morality through legality, and has particular resonance in literature concerning social issues. Jane Eyre will be discussed as a novel that provides insights into women’s experiences in the mid-nineteenth century. Law is represented within the novel as an oppressive force that directly subjugates women, and as such the novel may be regarded as an early liberal feminist work that challenges the condition of law. This article will explore the link between good moral behaviour, and moral madness, the latter being perceived as a threat to the domestic and the law’s response to this threat. It will pick upon certain themes presented by Brontë, such as injustice towards women, wrongful confinement, insanity and adulterous immoral behaviour, to come to the conclusion that the novelist presented law as a method of constructing immorality and injustice, representing inequality and repression.

Martin Luther in Sweden

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Axel Aurelius
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Thought Patterns ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
To Come ◽  
Swedish History ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the Swedish history of Christian thought there are various interpretations of the Reformation and of Martin Luther and his work. In the 17th century, Luther predominately stood out as an instrument of God’s providence. In the 18th century, among the pietists, he was regarded as a fellow believer, in the 19th century as a hero of history, and in the 20th century during the Swedish so-called Luther Renaissance as a prophet and an interpreter of the Gospel. This does not necessarily mean that the interpretations of Luther merely reflect the various thought patterns of different epochs, that whatever is said about Luther is inevitably captured by the spirit of the time. The serious study of Luther’s writings could also lead to contradictions with common thought patterns and presuppositions. One could say that Luther’s writings have worked as “classics,” not merely confirming the status quo but also generating new patterns of thought and deed, making him something rather different than just a name, a symbol, or a flag, which sometimes have been assumed. And one can only hope that his writings will continue to work in the same way in years to come. Anyway the reception of the Lutheran heritage in Sweden is well worth studying since it in some ways differs from the reception in other Evangelic countries.

Jane Eyre: Now and Forever; or, the Strange Afterlife of Gothic

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Allen ◽  
Dino Franco Felluga
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Jane Eyre ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Broadway Musical ◽  
Opera Seria

Abstract This paper examines the recent fascination the Broadway musical has had with Victorian gothic, focusing both on the transition from opera seria to Disneyesque musical and on one specific cultural product, Paul Gordon and John Caird’s 2000 Broadway production, Jane Eyre: The Musical.  The paper claims that this particular hybrid of two notoriously hybrid nineteenth-century forms (the novel and opera) defangs both of its source genres, but nevertheless still allows its middle-class audience to participate in the spectacle of their own self-definition as consumers of “culture.”  The production also allows that audience to congratulate itself for having escaped the bourgeois repressions that arguably made the gothic such a viable genre in the Romantic and Victorian periods.  The fact is, though, that contemporary viewers of the Broadway gothic musical do still experience the frisson of a repressed terror: the return to a postmodern world that scripts our camp appreciation of such kitsch entertainments.

The Madwoman on the Third Story: Jane Eyre in Space

PMLA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna K. Kreisel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Depth Psychology ◽  
Reading Strategies ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Jane Eyre ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Third

A long-standing misreading of Jane Eyre is that Rochester's wife, Bertha Mason, is locked in the attic of Thornfield Hall. In fact, she resides on the third floor. This mistake has implications for readings of the novel and for recent critical methodologies such as “surface,” “denotative,” and “dialectical” reading strategies. Jane Eyre associates the spaces of Thornfield with psychological registers that are in turn associated with types of meaning making. This essay delineates these registers by mapping them onto the Lacanian schema of imaginary, symbolic, and real orders, thus drawing out the novel's engagement with a nascent nineteenth-century depth psychology while noting how the novel itself militates against so-called surface reading.

The reconstruction of feminine values in Mme Lesbazeille-Souvestre’s 1854 translation of Jane Eyre

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Rachel Williams
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Jane Eyre ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Stated Goal

Mme Lesbazeille-Souvestre’s translation of Jane Eyre, published in 1854, was the first to appear in French and has been re-edited numerous times, most recently in 2001. This analysis uses both the translator’s preface and the translation itself to explore how the translator constructed what was often seen as a problematically “feminine” text into a normatively “feminine” one and, in so doing, asserted herself as an author in her own right. In her translator’s preface, Lesbazeille-Souvestre aims to assure her readers that in translating she felt a duty of fidelity to the text and to the text’s author, and thus that they are reading a linguistically faithful translation. In the translation itself, however, and in contradiction to her stated goal, she actively attempted to construct Jane Eyre as a text that is proper both for a female writer to have produced and for female readers to consume by consistently negating the so-called “masculine” elements she found in the novel. The character of Jane Eyre is significantly altered in the translation in ways that bring her more in line with conventional feminine values. Lesbazeille-Souvestre’s protestations of complete fidelity in her preface must therefore be questioned and viewed through the lens not only of what it meant to translate in the nineteenth century but of what it meant to translate and to write as a woman.

scholarly journals The Sickle and the Piano. A Distant Reading of Work in the Nineteenth Century Romanian Novel

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-128
Author(s):  
Ștefan Baghiu ◽  
Cosmin Borza
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Civil Servant ◽  
Semantic Search ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Distant Reading ◽  
Digital Museum ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article conducts a semantic search of The Digital Museum of the Romanian Novel: The 19th Century (MDRR), through which the authors attempt to identify the occurrences of several key concepts for class and labour imagery in the nineteenth-century Romanian novel, such as “muncă” [labour/work], “muncitor” [labourer/worker], “țăran” [peasant], “funcționar” [civil servant], alongside two main words that strikingly point out to a dissemblance of representation of work: “seceră” [sickle] and “pian” [piano]. The authors show that physical work is underrepresented in the Romanian novel between 1844 and 1900, and that novelists prefer to participate to the rise of the novel through representing the bourgeois intimate space.

scholarly journals Reconstructing the Past as a Means of Rationalizing the Present: A Study of Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of The Day (1989)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Mohamed Fathi Helaly Khalaf
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
Past Life ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
To Come ◽  
Different Levels

The postwar world period was riddled with rapid changes at the different levels. Many people felt they were not able to come to terms with such ongoing changes and had to find a way to coexist with the status-quo. Postmodernism looks upon man as a social being that should learn how to adapt himself to whatever situation by whatever means available. Ishiguro’s novels are written in an expanded humanistic tradition. They are stories dealing with human relationship. They are narratives centering on the working of consciousness and the unconsciousness of the human mind. Ishiguro is concerned with reworking of the past from a late twentieth century perspective. The purpose of this study is to trace the postmodern aspects in The Remains of The Day through the life and character of Stevens and his relationships with the people that he has lived with. Stevens struggles to come to term with his present through telling stories and anecdotes of his past life. The novel depicts the role that memories can play in reconstructing the past events so that the present can be meaningful in some way from a postmodern standpoint. As a postwar British individual, the protagonist of the novel tries to practice suppression over his emotions at the personal level as well as the professional level to construct a new identity. Stevens appears torn between memories of the past and the representation of the present. He is suffering from an identity crisis and striving to create a meaningful present for himself. As a postmodern man, Stevens has to struggle at different levels. He is leading a life riddled with inconsistencies and contradictions. He can’t feel at home with the surrounding world as he is always busy trying to achieve some perfection that is not attainable in a world riddled with conflicts and struggle.

The Merging of Spiritualities: Jane Eyre as Missionary of Love

1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jeffrey Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Popular Religion ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Jane Eyre ◽  
Spiritual Needs ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
Christian Discourse

This essay analyzes the discourses of spirituality represented in Jane Eyre within the context of the Evangelical upheaval in the Britain of Charlotte Brontë's childhood and the mixing of supernatural with Christian elements in the "popular religion" of early-nineteenth-century British rural society. In addition to a dominant Christian spiritualism and a supernatural spiritualism, however, a third discrete discourse is identified in the text-the discourse of spiritual love. The novel stages a contest between these three competing discourses. Christianity is itself conflictually represented, being torn between the repressive, masculine Evangelicalism of Mr. Brocklehurst and the healing communion (among women) represented by Helen Burns and the figure of "sympathy." The supernatural is equally conflicted: it is shown to empower Jane and to be a necessary vehicle for bringing Christian discourse in contact with the discourse of spiritual love, but then it is denied and left, like the madwoman in the attic, as the excluded term. Finally, spiritual love is offered by the text as that which solves these contradictions, revising and merging Christianity and the supernatural to produce a rejuvenated spirituality, one that fosters what is conceived of as the "whole" person, her need for mutual human relationship, her spiritual needs, and her desire.

Diurnal Cortisol Profile in Williams Syndrome in Novel and Familiar Settings

2013 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Diane Lense ◽  
Andrew J. Tomarken ◽  
Elisabeth M. Dykens
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Williams Syndrome ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Somatic Complaints ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Diurnal Cortisol ◽  
Social Difficulties

Abstract Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder associated with high rates of anxiety and social issues. We examined diurnal cortisol, a biomarker of the stress response, in adults with WS in novel and familiar settings, and compared these profiles to typically developing (TD) adults. WS and TD participants had similar profiles in a familiar setting, while participants with WS had elevated cortisol late in the day in the novel setting when social demands were higher. The cortisol awakening response in WS was associated with parent-reported levels of somatic complaints and social difficulties. Results suggest that adults with WS have a typical diurnal cortisol profile that may be sensitive to social and activity transitions throughout the day.

„Mērnieku laiki” un vienradža smadzenes: gastrotulkojuma samērojums

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Mārtiņš Laizāns
Keyword(s):  
Research Literature ◽  
Target Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Spaces ◽  
History Of ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this article, a fragment from the novel “Mērnieku laiki” (‘The Times of the Land Surveyors’, 1879) by Reinis and Matīss Kaudzīte has been compared with its translations in several languages. The chosen fragment contentwise is saturated with elements of gastronomic cornucopia, and most of these and the accompanying phenomena of the imagined honorary feast can be considered utopian in their nature. In addition, the content of the fragment has been dressed in an utterly Rabelaisian language and poetics, and the tone of the fragment is comical as well, – enumeration crammed with hyperboles containing several language layers, which, in turn, serve as evidence about the ideas of the average Latvian peasant about the world beyond the borders of his parish in the middle of the 19th century. It is important to juxtapose this fragment with its translations as the translation of food and drink is not only a problem of literature, but the daily praxis in this regard produces a lot of intercultural misunderstandings. This comparison allows us to see the challenges and difficulties the translators had to encounter. It also allows to make observations about the solutions the translators had to come up with, and the possible effect produced on the target language audience – to what extent it has been successful and to what degree the atmosphere and language portrayed in the fragment by Kaudzītes is adaptable to other cultural spaces. In the article, the translation history of “Mērnieku laiki” has been described, the connections between the comical and gastropoetics in literature and literary studies, as well as the research literature on the translation of these aspects. In the article, the compared texts are the original by Kaudzītes and seven translations – two German, two Russian, two Lithuanian, and one Estonian translation.

scholarly journals Brazilian soil science: from its inception to the future, and beyond

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio A. de Oliveira Camargo ◽  
Víctor Hugo Alvarez V. ◽  
Philippe C. Baveye
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Graduate Programs ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Soil Science Society ◽  
Agricultural Chemistry ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Status ◽  
Science Community ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 19Th Century

The present essay is meant to provide some background on the evolution of the soil science community in Brazil, since its inception, to describe its current situation, and to outline a number of opportunities and challenges facing the discipline in decades to come. The origin of Brazilian agronomy dates back to the beginning of the 19th century as a subdiscipline of botany, and its association with chemistry would later establish it as a science. In the middle of the 19th century, agricultural chemistry was born as a result of this association, leading to the establishment of edaphology, a branch of Soil Science. Another branch of Soil Science, known as pedology, was established as an applied and scientific knowledge in Brazil during the middle of the 20th century. During the same period, the Brazilian Soil Science Society (SBCS) was created, merging the knowledge of both branches and gathering all scientists involved. Twenty years after the SBCS foundation, the creation of Graduate Programs made Brazilian Soil Science enter the modern era, generating crucial knowledge to reach the current levels of agricultural productivity. Part of a community composed of 25 Soil Departments, 15 Graduate Programs and a great number of institutions that promote research and technology transfer, Brazilian soil scientists are responsible for developing solutions for sustainable development, by generating, adapting and transferring technology to the benefit of the country. The knowledge produced by SBCS members has been particularly significant for Brazil to achieve the status of most competitive tropical agriculture in the world. In the future decades, Soil Science will still remain topical in discussions regarding environment care and production of food and fibers, in addition, it will be essential and strategic for certain issues, such as water quality, reducing poverty and development of renewable sources of energy.

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