Patrimonial bureaus procedures of the landlord farms in Russia during the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: the documentation structure

2019 ◽  
pp. 166-172
Author(s):  
Ruslan Zhitin ◽  
Aleksey Topilskiy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Double Entry

The relevance of the study lies in the insufficient development in the domestic historiography of the problem of patrimonial bureau procedures in landlords farms, and the need to consider the features of a large market economy with the possibility of referring to the experience of the past. We analyze the composition of patrimonial documentation of landlord’s estates of the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The characteristic of opinions of some researchers of this problem is given. The legislative aspects of the Russian Empire regulating paperwork in landowner farms are developed. We highlight the features of the Italian form of double-entry bookkeeping, features of the information documentation by industrial associations of landlords. It is established that all (without exception) entries in the documents were based on the provisions of the ordinances of income and cash flow, announcements, powers of attorney, declarations, briefs, petitions, notifications, etc. We present the order of employment (from employees’ side) and the involvement of employees in manufacturing (from employers’ side) at the owners’ farm, we also characterize the processes that affect their economic development. On the basis of the deposited materials there is a possibility of the complex analysis of trade and comparative communications of landowners, studying the main stages and results of modernization of complexes, identification of terms of depreciation of the businessmen’s expenses.

“Now they are in Tambov in real mourning”: the anti-Semitic campaign of 1909–1912 in the Tambov Governorate

2021 ◽  
pp. 166-176
Author(s):  
Vladimir А. Lovtsov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Music School ◽  
The Russian Empire

We examine the purpose, reasons and course of the anti-Semitic campaign of 1909–1912 in the Tambov Governorate, raised by the governor N.P. Muratov. On the basis of archival and memoir sources, the conflict between N.P. Muratov and the director of the Tambov music school S.M. Starikov is reconstructed, the main reason for which was the anti-Semitic views of the Tambov governor. The practices and approaches used by N.P. Muratov in the implementation of discriminatory legislation and his views in the context of their prevalence in the governor’s corps of the period under study are considered. The relevance of the research topic is associated with the need for a clearer understanding of the mechanisms and principles of interaction between the pro-vincial government and society in the Russian Empire in the early 20th century. It is concluded that, despite the discriminatory legislation against Jews in force in the Russian Empire, N.P. Mura-tov could not deprive S.M. Starikov of his post thanks to the support provided to him by the Im-perial Russian Musical Society. At the same time, the anti-Semitic views of N.P. Muratov do not reflect the views of the entire governor corps of this period or the officials of the Russian Empire as a whole.

Adats and Rituals Related to Blood Feuds the Peoples of Mountainous Dagestan (19th — Early 20th Century)

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10 (108)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Gimbatova Madina
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Reconstruction ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Legal Consequences

The article is devoted to one of the most common, and currently almost disappeared custom of blood feud. The authors aim to characterize the adats and rituals associated with blood feuds among the peoples of mountainous Dagestan in the 19th — early 20th century. The research is based on historical-comparative, historical-typological methods and the principle of historical-cultural reconstruction. The chronological framework of the study covers the 19th — early 20th century. This is the period of legal pluralism in Dagestan, when the norms of customary law (adats), Sharia and the laws of the Russian Empire were in force in the mountains.The reasons for the occurrence of blood feuds, adats regulating the legal consequences of murder, as well as the rites of reconciliation of blood relatives are identified and investigated. It is established that in Dagestan, due to the specific features of the socio-economic and political system, such types of criminal punishment as deprivation of liberty, execution, corporal and degrading measures of influence did not arise for the murder of a person. The results of the study can be used by employees of education and culture to familiarize the younger generation with the legal experience of their ancestors.

Russian Civil Law Tradition of the Early 20th Century and the Napoleonic Code

10.12737/7251 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Сергей Липень ◽  
Syergyey Lipyen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article discusses common problems of civil law to which attention was drawn at the beginning of the twentieth century in connection with the 100th anniversary of the Napoleonic Code. In connection with the new codification of the civil law of the Russian Empire objective and subjective factors of codification activities, social value of the Civil Code, the adequacy of regulation of civil relations, as well as to further improvement of the content of civil law according to the requirements of lifetime and constantly developing social relations were considered.

Valuation of Land Assets of Ukraine by Banks of the Russian Empire in the Early 20th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Shvets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Russian Empire

The start of the land market in Ukraine began on July 1, 2021, which opened new opportunities for the development of the national economy. At the same time, the issue of assessment of formation of land assets remained insufficiently provided with appropriate mechanisms for the transparency of this market and the establishment of fair land prices. An important component of the formation of a fair valuation of land assets are the previous databases on their sales prices for previous time periods. We do not have such data due to the lack of a land market in Ukraine during the administrative-command system of economic management, being part of the USSR. Therefore, the only systematized databases for the assessment of land assets are studies conducted by the Ministry of the Russian Empire in the early 20th century. This article aims to study the level and dynamics of land asset prices using the historical experience of valuation of Ukrainian land assets by banks of the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century. The article separates and groups data on the valuation of land assets in the Ukrainian provinces, which were part of the Russian Empire. A retrospective analysis of the valuation of land assets in terms of individual regions of Ukraine that were part of the Russian Empire was performed on the basis of selected data. The necessity and importance of today's use of historical experience of valuations of land asset in Ukraine are substantiated in connection with the introduction of the land market. Using the index of change in the value of gold, comparative prices transfer of land assets from the early twentieth century at today's comparable prices. The obtained level of prices for land assets has the prospect of being used as a base during the organization of land auctions to form a fair price for land in Ukraine.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP ACTIVITY OF PRINCES FROM SANGUSHKO FAMILY IN XIX – AT THE BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY IN VOLYN

2019 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Veronika Rudiuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Modern Technologies

The article deals with the entrepreneurial activity of Sangushki in Volyn, first of all, their contribution to the industrial development of the region, the application of advanced technologies in their estates, and the peculiarities of the management of the family’s representatives and their enterprises. The branch affiliation of the factories of their Slavutsky ordination and methods of increasing the efficiency of work on them is considered. The place of enterprises of the Sangushki family in the structure of industry of Volyn province, the contribution of the princes in stimulating expansion of the network of financial and credit institutions in the region is described. The place of Sangushki at the time of the financial-industrial circles of the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries was highlighted. The activity of the Sangushko princes is considered in order to reorganize the landowner's latifundias for their transformation into modern agrarian enterprises. The influence of political events in Ukrainian provinces on the economic development of enterprises owned by representatives of this kin is highlighted. The main sources of income of Slavuta ordination in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are described. The author made a wide coverage of economic development in the vicinity of the princes Sangushko during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It was noted that the main sources of income at the beginning of the nineteenth century were agricultural products (grain, fruits, vegetables, cattle, and forest), then, due to the use of modern technologies, mechanization of production using steam engines, processing of own products, obtained here at the end of the XIX century, Sangushkos managed to create an economically strong company with diversified sources of profit, since a significant part of the products was processed by local factories (paper, candle, soap, sugar, cloth, beer pitch, lumber, porcelain, refined) and distilleries, mills. The main resource base for the success of the princes as entrepreneurs served large land masses that they owned. Significant role in the achievement of economic success of Sangushkos played the application of modern technologies and methods of production, withdrawal from the traditional system of using serf labor, attracting foreign specialists. Sangushkos also created enterprises that produced the products needed to service their enterprises and the local population, among such iron ore, vinegar and paint plants. In addition, in order to stimulate the development of trade and business in the native land, Sangushkos established a system of credit pay offices, which provided loans to local residents, with preferential treatment for those who traded and serviced the needs of the population (for shoemakers, bakers, barkeepers). In addition, Sangushkos were involved in the creation of the Slavuta Commercial Bank, which served the needs of not only local residents, but even foreigners. Sangushkos also managed to open businesses that did not directly engage in the production of goods and served the needs of the population, among such the author mentioned medical institutions. For the sale of products Sangushkos actively participated in local fairs, signed contracts for the supply of products to the markets of cities of the central provinces of the Russian Empire and abroad. The author reviews the historiography devoted to the issues of entrepreneurship development in the 19th century on the territory of the Right-Bank Ukraine and in particular among representatives of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility, including representatives of the Sangushkos family. Also, the researcher used in the study the archival materials and the results of local lore explorations devoted to studying the history of the Sangushko family in Volyn. The Polish revolts of 1830-1831 and 1863-1864, economic crises in the Russian empire at the end and the beginning of the 20th century, as well as fires, which caused significant damage to the city and the buildings of enterprises, influenced negatively the economic development of the enterprises of the Sangushkos. In general, a direct active participation in the economic life of the princes of Sangsushko turned their estates and town of Slavuta into one of the main industrial centers of Volyn at the beginning of the 20th century.

Stanza form of mukhammas in Azerbaijan lyrics in 20th century

Neophilology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Nailya B. Mustafayeva
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Free People

In Azerbaijan literature of the early 20th century mukhammas were created, they were distinguished by the search for new forms and the problematic range. For example, Sabir began mukhammas with beit (couplets) of tarji, repeated it at the end of each stanza. Many other poets repeated a similar technique afterwards. There are other features of the mukhammas of the specified period; the topic in general covered lyric and poetic, patriotic, social and political, philosophical, and religious issues. The patriotic mukhammas included a description of the nature beauties, the motherland defenders courage, the impulses of those who strove for the progress of the country, for its freedom. The number of satirical mukhammas increased. Takhmis (imitations) were written on classical poems, including Fuzuli’s ghazals. At the early 20th century in Azerbaijan, as well as in other places of the Russian Empire, political activity grew among the population. The famous poet Mahammad Hadi wrote in his mukhammas about the need to achieve freedom. After all, only free people can achieve true progress and prosperity. In Soviet times, a number of poets continued to write their poems in the classical style. Poets such as V. Abbaszade Hammal, M.S. Ordubadi, A. Nazmi, Mikayil Rafili, Ali Nazim, Suleiman Rustam, Mikayil Mushfig praised their native land in their mukhammas, at the same time they did not forget to note the role of the Communist Party in the prosperity of the country. A lot of poems were devoted to international events, criticism of the imperialist forces. During World War II, Aliaga Vahid in his mukhammas predicted German fascism an inevitable defeat, expressed admiration for the heroism of Soviet soldiers. In the second half and at the end of the 20th century, the number of mukhammas on religious themes is growing in Azerbaijan poetry. A number of poets have moved from writing poetry in the classical nazm style to the mukhammas genre.

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