Bacteriological Testing of Milk Samples Suspected of Sub-Clinical Mastitis: A Case Study

Heifers and their human handlers are at risk for decreased welfare during the early lactation period. This experiment investigated pre-parturient teat dipping and parlor acclimation to reduce mastitis and aversive behaviors in early lactation heifers. Three weeks prior to calving, heifers were randomly assigned to receive either: (1) a weekly 1.0% iodine-based teat dip in the parlor (trained; n = 37) or (2) no treatment (control; n = 30). For the first 3 days of lactation, heifers were milked twice daily, and treatment-blinded handlers assessed behaviors and clinical mastitis. Aseptic quarter milk samples were collected within 36 h of calving and analyzed for pathogens. Control heifers had (OR ± SE) 2.2 ± 0.6 times greater (p < 0.01) odds of kicking during milking. Trained heifers had (OR ± SE) 1.7 ± 0.4 times greater (p = 0.02) odds of being very calm during milking, while control heifers had 2.2 ± 0.8 and 3.8 ± 2.1 times greater (p < 0.04) odds of being restless and very restless or hostile during milking, respectively. Quarters of control heifers had (OR ± SE) 5.4 ± 3.4 greater (p < 0.01) odds of intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infection, yet clinical mastitis was similar among treatments. The results indicate that teat dipping in the parlor weekly for 3 weeks before calving may alleviate some aversive milking behaviors and protect against early lactation S. aureus intramammary infections.

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Withdrawal of cefoperazone with milk after intramammary administration in dairy cows – prospective and retrospective analysis

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.1515/pjvs-2017-0031 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 261-268

Author(s):

A. Burmańczuk ◽

T. Grabowski ◽

T. Błądek ◽

C. Kowalski ◽

P. Dębiak

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Half Life ◽

Drug Distribution ◽

Compartment Model ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽

Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Drug Concentrations

Abstract The aim of the study was to carry out retrospective and prospective comparative analyses of the pharmacokinetics of CEF after single intramammary (IMM) administration in cows. The prospective study (study A) was conducted on 9 dairy cows of the Polish Black-White race with clinical mastitis during the lactation period. Milk samples were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 84 h after single IMM administration of 250 mg of CEF to one quarter. Drug concentrations in milk samples were determined by HPLC-MS/MS technique and the results of the pharmacokinetic analysis were compared to those obtained in previous studies based on the microbiological (study B) and HPLC-UV methods (study C and D). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on adapted two-compartment model of drug distribution. One of the findings of the comparison of the analysed investigations is that the CEF kinetics determined with the microbiological method is consistent with the results obtained by the authors of this paper. Both studies yielded similar results of the key pharmacokinetic parameters related to the level of the drug distribution to tissues and elimination half-life. In the pharmacodynamic analysis, the observations in all four studies were entirely consistent and have shown lower values of T>MIC90 in healthy animals and significantly higher values in infected dairy cows. The comparison of studies A, B, C, and D revealed that the time of complete CEF wash-out of 90.90% varied and amounted to 5.7, 8.0, 2.2, and 2.2 days after administration of the drug, respectively. It was confirmed that not only the type of the analytical method but also correct sampling have a significant impact on determination of the correct value of the drug half-life after IMM administration. The comparative analysis of studies in which the milk yield was high and low allows a conclusion that this parameter in the case of CEF has no significant effect on T>MIC90.

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Mycoplasmal mastitis in dairy cows in the Moghan region of Ardabil State, Iran : short communication

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v77i4.382 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. Ghazaei

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Short Communication ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Mycoplasma Bovis ◽

Bulk Tank Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

The World ◽

Bulk Tank

Mycoplasmas are an important and economically significant cause of mastitis in dairy cows in various parts of the world. The organisms are highly contagious, with the main reservoir of infection originating from cows with subclinical mastitis. In 1998 the 1st cases of bovine mastitis due to Mycoplasma bovis were diagnosed in Ardabil State, Iran. An investigation was carried out with the aim of establishing the extent of mycoplasma infections in dairy cows in Ardabil State. Milk samples obtained from 80 cows with clinical mastitis were cultured in the laboratory for the presence of mycoplasmas. Similarly, 48 bulk-tank milk samples were examined for the presence of mycoplasmas. A modified Hayflick broth was used to isolate the mycoplasmas and an immunoperoxidase test used for the species identification of the isolates. Mycoplasma bovis was isolated from 39 (48.75 %) of the clinical mastitis samples and from 48 of the bulk-tank milk samples tested. This indicated that mycoplasma udder infections were more prevalent in dairy cows in Ardabil State than previously thought.

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Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis of bovine detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test in AL-Diwanyia province

Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences ◽

10.29079/vol12iss2art263 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 101

Author(s):

Gh. K. A. Al-kuzaay ◽

Q. H. Kshash

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽

Specific Primer ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Bacteriological Testing ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Pcr Test

This study was conducted for exam 348 milk samples from (clinically mastitic and other healthy cows) in many areas in AL-Diwanyia province by using CMT and bacteriological testing , which appeared that (64.9%) as percentage of mastitis ( clinically 15.9% , subclinically 84.0% ) Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis 13.2% ( 26.6% clinically , 73.3 % subclinicaly) diagnose by PCR assay by using specific primer (16SrRNA). Streptococcus agalactiae (30 isolates) after classical methods applied for streptococcus agalactiae identification (86 isolates).

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The presence of pathogens in milk of ewes in relation to the somatic cell count and subpopulations of leukocytes

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/43/2021-cjas ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tvarožková ◽

Vašíček ◽

Uhrinčať ◽

Mačuhová ◽

Hleba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Somatic Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Somatic Cell Count ◽

Dairy Farm ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Milk Samples

Mastitis is a major health problem of the udder in dairy sheep breeds. For diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, somatic cell count (SCC) is commonly used. The presence of pathogens in the udder causes the increase of leukocytes and thus SCC in milk. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of pathogens in the milk of ewes and the possible relationship with SCC. The changes of leukocytes subpopulation in milk samples with high SCC were evaluated as well. The experiment was carried out on a dairy farm with the Lacaune breed. This study was conducted on 45 ewes (98 milk samples) without signs of clinical mastitis. Based on somatic cell count, samples were divided to five SCC groups: SCC1 < 200 000 cells/ml (45 milk samples); 200 000 ≤ SCC2 < 400 000 cells/ml (10 milk samples); 400 000 ≤ SCC3 < 600 000 cells/ml (six milk samples); 600 000 ≤ SCC4 < 1 000 000 cells/ml (six milk samples); SCC5 ≥ 1 000 000 cells/ml (31 milk samples). No pathogens were observed in the majority of milk samples (60.20%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most commonly isolated pathogens from the milk of ewes (86.11%). Staphylococcus epidermidis had the highest incidence from CNS (35.48%). In the SCC5 group, up to 79.31% of bacteriological samples were positive. The percentage of leukocytes significantly increased (P < 0.001) in the samples with higher SCC (≥ 200 × 10<sup>3</sup> cells/ml) in comparison to the group SCC1. Also, the percentage of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) was significantly higher with increasing SCC (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the presented results showed that the high SCC was caused by the presence of the pathogen in milk. Thus SCC < 200 000 cells/ml and leukocyte subpopulation, especially PMNs, could be considered as important tools in udder health programs applied in dairy ewes.

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Prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in bovine mastitis in Zimbabwe

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v73i2.557 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. Kudinha ◽

C. Simango

Keyword(s):

Somatic Cell ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Bacillus Species ◽

Small Scale ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Somatic Cell Counts ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Cell Counts

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in clinical and subclinical mastitis in commercial and small-scale farms in Zimbabwe. Thirty five quarter milk samples from clinical mastitis cases and 371 quarter milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis were cultured for bacterial pathogens. The most frequent pathogens isolated in clinical mastitis were the enteric bacteria (31.4 %), followed by coagulase negative staphylococci (22.9 %) and then Staphylococcus aureus (17.1 %), whereas in subclinical mastitis S. aureus (34.2 %) and coagulase-negative staphylococci were (33.2 %) the most common. Bacillus species were only isolated in milk samples from subclinical mastitis. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were observed in mixed infections with other bacteria in only 2.2 % of the 406 milk samples from clinical and subclinical mastitis where they were isolated together with Bacillus species in 6 of the 9 mixed infection cases. About 95 % of the milk samples from which 131 coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated had correspondingly high somatic cell counts. The coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated most frequently were S. chromogenes (7.9 %), S. epidermidis (7.4 %) and S. hominis (5.9 %). They were all associated with high somatic cell counts. All the coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates were susceptible to cloxacillin and erythromycin, and more than 90 %of the isolates were susceptible to neomycin, penicillin and streptomycin. The highest resistance was to tetracycline (17.6 %), followed by lincomycin (13.7 %). About 8 % of the isolates were resistant to both penicillin and streptomycin.

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Variation in milk cell counts during lactation of British Friesian cattle

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100010370 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 335-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

P. D. P. Wood ◽

J. M. Booth

Keyword(s):

Cell Count ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

High Cell ◽

Milk Samples ◽

The Third ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Lactation Curve ◽

Lactose Concentration ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Friesian Cattle

ABSTRACTA survey was carried out of 1 640 British Friesian heifers calving predominantly in the autumn of 1979. The monthly samples of 1 055 animals showing no reported evidence of udder infection were used to evaluate the parameters of a lactation curve in milk cell count. The model wasC = 190 n−0.4880exp(0·178n)where C is the monthly cell count in millions per 1 during the nth month of lactation. The cell count varied from 230 × 106 in week 1 and 190 × 106 in week 11 to 400 × 106 in week 44 of lactation.On applying the model to the whole sample, milk sampled within a month before or after antibiotic treatment for clinical mastitis contained more than 200 × 106 cells per 1 above the level suggested by the lactation curve. Lactation mean cell counts of treated cows were 400 × 106 cells per 1 higher than those of untreated cows. It was not possible to identify periods in which cows required treatment, or those with high cell counts, by reference to the lactose concentration in the milk samples. Among the untreated cows, the cell count at the third monthly test-day was lower than at any other time, and was more highly correlated with the lactation mean cell count.

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Prevalence of microorganisms associated with udder infections in dairy goats on small-scale farms in Kenya : short communication

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v72i2.627 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

E.N. Ndegwa ◽

C.M. Mulei ◽

S.J.M. Munyua

Keyword(s):

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Dairy Goat ◽

Small Scale ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Caprine Milk ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

Six hundred and thirty clinically-normal milk samples from dairy goat flocks comprising a mixed population of German Alpine, Toggenburg, Saanen and Galla crosses were exam-ined over a 3-month period to determine the prevalence of bacterial organisms. Bacteria were isolated in 28.7 % of the milk samples (181/630) either singly (92.8 %) or in combination (7.2 %). The most prevalent bacterial organisms were Staphylococcus spp. (60.3 %), followed by Micrococcus spp. (17.7 %), Acinetobacter spp. (5 %), Actinomyces spp. (5%) and Streptococcus spp. (1.1 %). The Staphylococcus spp. were mainly coagulase negative (64.3 %). Coagulase-- negative staphylococci and coagulase-positive staphylococci accounted for 37.5 % and 22.7 % respectively of the total bacteria isolated. The isolation of bacteria, some of which are important in clinical and subclinical mastitis, in apparently normal caprine milk, indicates that particular attention should be given to the management of these dairy goat flocks in order to avoid the development of cases of clinical mastitis.

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