Foliar influences on the vegetative development of grapevine

OENO One ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Fournioux
Keyword(s):  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The One ◽  
Apical Senescence

<p style="text-align: justify;">Various defoliation treatments were applied to grapevine shoots during the whole duration of the growth period: full defoliation of every shoot of vine, defoliations retaining a various number of adult leaves to the base of every shoot and defoliations retaining a various number of young leaves to the top. The effects of these treatments allow to identify the major foliar influences on the vegetative development. Total defoliation induced a lesser intemodal elongation. This result is probably due, in part, to a carbohydrates deficiency consecutive to this drastic treatment. The defoliations with variation of the number of young leaves showed that the length of internodes increased when this number was greater. This result indicates that young leaves seems exercise a morphogenetical influence on the longitudinal growth of intemodes. For the three defoliation modalities, the rythm of leaves initiation was unchanged. So, it appears that, contrary to many other species, the leaves exercise no control on the plastochronic activity of terminal bud. The results of experiments with variation of the number of leaves maintained on the shoots permit to clarify the relation between foliage and "cane ripening". The already known positive correlation between the length of the suberized part of the shoot and the number of adult leaves has been confirmed. However, the effects of these treatments indicated that this correlation was not linear. Moreover, it seems that every shoot has specific " cane ripening " potentialities determined by other factors that their foliage. The leaves seem act only as revelators of these potentialities. These same experiments retaining adult leaves showed also that such treatments induced a more growth of the not removed leaves. Their laminar extension was increased. The thickness of their lamina and so the one of their palisade parenchyma were more important that in leaves of the control. These observations confirm and explain the compensatory phenomena consecutive to a reduction of the foliar apparatus already described in previous works by other autors. The two mean results of this study consists in the demonstration of the role played by adult leaves both in growth arrest and in apical senescence towards the end of the growing season. A single leaf retained in the upper or lower part of the shoot was sufficient to cause the growth arrest. On the other hand, only old leaves inserted at the base of the shoot can produce the death of the apex. These two last results are analysed and discussed taking in consideration both our experimental results and bibliographical elements. The growth arrest is probably not only determined by the foliar influence. We can expect that a decreasing production of cytokinins by the roots contributes also to this stopping of the apical bud activity. With regard the question of the apical senescence, some results showed that this phenomenom is not caused by a nutrient deficiency. Therefore, it is a question of a correlative process in which the adult leaves inserted to the base ofthe shoot are implicated. This last foliar influence was, so far, completely unknown.</p>

Regulation of vascular differentiation in leaf primordia during the rhythmic growth of Gnetum africanum

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Mialoundama ◽  
P. Paulet
Keyword(s):  
Principal Axis ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Vascular Differentiation ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Rhythmic Growth

The growth of the principal axis of Gnetum africanum Welw. is achieved by successive growth and rest periods. During the phase of growth arrest, the terminal bud produces a single pair of leaf primordia containing no vascular tissue whereas observation of the terminal bud of the vinelike stem reveals that the oldest of the leaf primordia do contain vascular tissue before emerging. The differentiation of vascular bundles in the leaf primordia of the principal axis begins only with the return of the growth period during which time new young leaves are formed. The rhythm of formation of the leaves and their vascularization can be accelerated by removal of the young leaves. A prolonged exogenous treatment with abscisic acid after removal of the young leaves reestablishes the inhibition and prevents initiation of vascularization. It seems, therefore, that in the principal axis young leaves inhibit vascular differentiation of the leaf primordia, which may partly explain the inhibition of growth.

scholarly journals Internodal elongation in the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) : leaf influences and role of the shoot apex

OENO One ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Fournioux
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Internodal Elongation ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Stimulation Of

<p style="text-align: justify;">The respective influences of the leaves and shoot apex on stimulation of internodal elongation were studied in the grapevine. Various defoliation or decapitation treatments were applied to the shoot of rooted hardwood cuttings grown in a controlled environment chamber.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Concerning the foliar influences, the role of three sorts of leaves, in relation to their nodal position relative to the internode was analysed ; its own leaves, the leaves located below it and the young leaves neoformed above. The effects produced by excision of these different leaves show that the two adjacent leaves (below and above) of the internode play an essential role in the stimulation of its elongation. Among the subjacent leaves, these only at a position at least 6 nodes below promote internode growth. On the other hand, the young leaves neoformed in the upper part of the shoot have not influence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The results of decapitation experiments indicate that terminal bud contributes also to the stimulation of internodal elongation. However this influence appears only if an increment to the size (« compensatory growth ») of the leaves below the level of decapitation is not induced by the removal of the shoot tip. The leaves which realize this « compensatory growth » have indeed the ability to compensate for the laking apical bud stimulus.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The influences vary with the stage of internode length. The longitudinal growth of very young internode (5 - 10 mm long) is stimulated by its own leaves, the terminal bud and leaves situated at least 6 nodes below. When the internode has reached at least 50 p. cent of its adult size, its elongation depends only on its own leaves and the apex. At the end of grown, only its own leaves stimulate lengthening.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Exogenous applications of IAA, NAA and gibberellic acid (GA3) at different concentrations were also tested. GA3 at 100 mg.l<sup>-1</sup> and 1 g.l<sup>-1</sup> (incorporated to lanolin paste) applied to the cut surface of the petiole of the two adjacent leaves of young internode permits a normal elongation providing that apical bud is maintained. If the shoot is decapited the same treatment has almost the same effect only by supplying NAA at 1 g.l<sup>-1</sup> to the shoot section.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The functions of the three elements contributing to internodal elongation are discussed, taking in consideration both the experimental results of exogenous applications of IAA, NAA and GA3, and the possible trophic role of the leaves. It is proposed that the two adjacent leaves of the internode stimulate its longitudinal growth through a production of diffusible gibberellic substances and also, probably of nutrient elements. The role of subjacent leaves is certainly of trophic nature. Terminal bud being an auxin source, we can expect that its stimulating influence is due to the supply of this growth regulator.</p>

Demonstration of a correlation between young leaves, apex and young bunches specific to a young grapevine cutting in the first period of its development

OENO One ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Fournioux
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Hardwood Cutting ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Phase Iv

<p style="text-align: justify;">The development of hardwood cutting of grapevine comprise 4 succesive phases. Phase I: first period of shoot extension. Phase II: characterized by a slow growth due to a very low activity of the terminal bud. Phase III: reactivation of the growth consecutive to a resumption of the apical activity. Phase IV: when the growth becomes maximal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The objective of this work has been to identify the cause of the slowdown of the activity of apical bud during the phase II.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In a first experiment, we have compared the effects of three modes of defoliation applied from the beginning of the phase II on the apical activity: total defoliation, defoliation to have two adult leaves at the base of the shoot and defoliation to have two young leaves near the apex. The results of this experiment showed that only treatments depriving the shoot of young leaves induced an activation of the plastochronic activity. So, it appeared that young leaves exercises an inhibitory effect on the apex. The same experiment has been carried out during the phase IV of cuttings development, when the apical activity was maximal. In this condition, no treatments modified the apical activity. This suggests that the inhibition of the apex by young leaves is specifie to the phase II of the develop¬ ment of a grapevine cutting. In a third experiment, we have demonstrated that the foliar inhibition persisted during the all period of the laminart growth. Cytokinins are probably implied in this competition because exogenous applications of these growth regulators during the phase II produced a stimulation of the activity of apical bud. Results of a last experiment showed that, in cuttings prerooted before budburst, the apical activity was not decreased after the phase I. In other words, in this condition, the growth of the shoot was regular without phase II. We explain this resuit as follows. The roots preformed on the cuttings produced cytokinins in sufficient quantity for provide for needs of both foliar growth and apical activity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In previous studies, MULLINS showed that abortion of the young bunches on cuttings of grapevine was due to an inhibition by deficiency in cytokinins exercised by young leaves.The present work reveales the existence of an exactly similar correlation between the young leaves and the apex. So, in the beginning of the development of a grapevine cutting, young leaves, apical bud and young bunches are implied in a common correlative process which results on the one hand from a small availability of cytokinins due to the lack of roots and, on the other hand from a more efficient sink effect towards the cytokinins for the young leaves than for the apex and young bunches.</p>

scholarly journals Nutritional deficiency in crisphead lettuce grown in hydroponics

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauro L Petrazzini ◽  
Guilherme A Souza ◽  
Cléber L Rodas ◽  
Eduardo B Emrich ◽  
Janice G Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Lettuce Cultivar

The identification of nutrient deficiency symptoms in lettuce helps both producers and technical staff to keep the plant nutritional balance in their producing areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate production and describe and record the visual symptoms caused by the isolated or combined shortage of K, Ca, B and Zn in crisphead lettuce grown in hydroponics. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with four replications and eight treatments, representing the single (K, Ca, B, Zn) and combined (Ca and B, K and Zn, B and Zn) omission of nutrients, with a control treatment containing a complete nutrient solution. We used the crisphead lettuce cultivar Rider Plus. Under Ca shortage, plant growth was reduced and chlorosis appeared in the borders of young leaves. K shortage was the most detrimental to production of shoot fresh and dry matter and root dry matter. Where B was absent, plant growth was limited, the apical dominance was lost and leaves became wrinkled. Plants without Zn showed mild chlorosis in the blade of young leaves, elongation and bending of petioles and reduction in root density. The combined omission of Ca and B slowed down plant growth and induced necrosis at the borders of young leaves, while the combined omission of K and Zn initially induced K deficiency symptoms with reduced growth. When B and Zn were simultaneously subtracted, plants first showed B deficiency symptoms: reduction in plant size as compared to the control treatment and death of the apical bud.

STUDIES ON THE GROWTH IN SOIL AND THE PARASITIC ACTION OF CERTAIN RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI ISOLATES FROM WHEAT

1942 ◽  
Vol 20c (3) ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Disease Rating ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Unsterilized Soil ◽  
The One

An adaptation of the Rossi and Cholodny glass slide technique was found to be an effective means of measuring the growth of Rhizoctonia Solani in soil. After a 6 day and a 12 day period, the extent of growth of 11 isolates of this fungus was, for each growth period, less in a vertical than in a radial direction. Certain isolates grew faster than others. A comparison of the radial growth of a faster and of a slower growing isolate at soil depth of 2, 4, and 6 in. showed that the extent of growth decreased with depth, being significantly greater for both isolates at the 2 in. than at the 6 in. level.In pathogenicity tests on wheat with 10 of these isolates, the disease rating for each isolate was greater in natural than in steam sterilized soil, and in soil with a proportion of inoculum to soil of one to six than of one to three. The addition of cellulosic organic material, grass- or straw-meal, to unsterilized soil was effective in reducing the parasitic action of all isolates. Two distinct types of injury were observed: the one, a severe form of root injury, resulting in reduced plant growth; the other, a girdling of the coleoptile or lower stem tissue, usually unaccompanied by adverse effects on plant growth. The first type was produced by two slow growing isolates of English origin, the second by faster growing isolates of Canadian origin. On the basis of these differences, it is suggested that the root injuring isolates be regarded as a variety of R. Solani Kühn.

The effects of soil moisture stress on the growth of barley. I. Vegetative development and grain yield

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Aspinall ◽  
PB Nicholls ◽  
LH May
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
The One ◽  
Periods Of Stress

The effects of soil moisture stress on tillering, stem elongation, and grain yield of barley (cv. Prior) have been studied by subjecting the plants to periods of stress at different stages of development. Soil moisture stress treatments consisted of repeated short cycles of stress, single short cycles (both in large pots), or single long cycles (in large lysimeters). The data collected support the contention that the organ which is growing most rapidly at the time of a stress is the one most affected. Grain numbers per ear were seriously affected by stress occurring prior to anthesis, an effect probably associated with the process of spikelet initiation and, later, with the formation of the gametes. Grain size, on the other hand, was reduced more by stress at anthesis and shortly after. Elongation of the internodes was reduced mostly by stress at or just before earing, and was less seriously affected by earlier or later stress. Tillering, although being suppressed during a drought cycle, was actually stimulated upon rewatering. The effect was greater the earlier the period of stress, and was probably related to nutrient uptake and distribution within the plant.

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) cultivar response to boron deficiency

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Shelp ◽  
R. Penner ◽  
Z. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Percent Decline

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) cultivar, Commander, characterized by low susceptibility to the hollow stem disorder commonly associated with boron (B) deficiency was compared to one with high susceptibility (cv. Stolto) and to two which are grown commercially (cvs. Baccus and Premium Crop). Beginning 3 wk after germination plants grown in a glasshouse in vermiculite were supplied continuously with a nutrient solution containing adequate B (0.5 mg L−1) or none (deficient), or were supplied initially with 0.5 mg B L−1 up to the initiation of inflorescence development after which no B was supplied. All cultivars showed visible symptoms of B deficiency (leaf midrib cracking, stem corkiness, necrotic lesions and hollowing in the stem pith) and reductions in shoot fresh weight with the zero B treatment, but Commander was least affected. Also, the B concentrations of the florets from Commander were highest and showed the lowest percent decline relative to the 0.5 mg B L−1 treatment. When B was removed from the nutrient solution at initiation of inflorescence development, the B concentrations of the florets and young leaves of all cultivars were higher than in the zero B treatment. Compared to the 0.5 mg B L−1 treatment, the B concentrations of old leaves from all cultivars were reduced, but only in Premium Crop was the floret B significantly decreased.Key words: Boron nutrition, Brassica, broccoli, nutrient deficiency, retranslocation

Node and branch development of chickpea in a semiarid environment

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 1333-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
L. B. Poppy
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
Branch Development ◽  
The One ◽  
Foliar Fungicide ◽  
Node Development

Node development of a crop plant can be used as a reference in making crop management decisions such as timing foliar fungicide application. A study was conducted in southwest Saskatchewan in 2001 and 2002 to characterize the nodal development, branching, and thermal time requirements on the main stem (MS) and on the branches of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Large (9.1–11.0 mm) and small (8.1–9.0 mm) diameter seeds were planted at early-, normal-, and late-seeding dates in each year, and the crop was grown with recommended agronomic practices. The MS nodes were numbered upwards from the plant base, with the 1st node being the one immediately above the hypocotyls. All branches were identified and named in correspondence with their positions on the MS. The total number of nodes produced on the MS was 20 in the dry year of 2001 and 24 in the wet year of 2002, and their appearance was a function of growing-degree-days (GDD). The rate of the branch development in 2001 was greater compared with 2002 due to higher temperatures during the vegetative growth period. On average, branches No. 1 and 2 required 40 to 50 GDD units to emerge from the MS, while the emergence of branches No. 5 and 6 required 80 to 120 GDD units. Nodes on the branches that were positioned on the upper stems required more GDD units to develop compared with nodes on the branches that were positioned at the bottom of the MS. To use node development as a reference for crop management decisions in chickpea, one should bear in mind that the GDD requirements vary with node and branch positions on the culm. Key words: Cicer arietinum, legume, plant architecture, foliar fungicide, morphology

Response of soya beans to planting date in south-eastern Queensland. II.* Vegetative and reproductive development

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Lawn ◽  
DE Byth
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Seed Yields

Vegetative and reproductive development of a range of soya bean cultivars was studied over a series of planting dates in both hill plots and row culture at Redland Bay, Qld. Responses in the extent of vegetative and reproductive development were related to changes in the phasic developmental patterns. The duration and extent of vegetative development for the various cultivar-planting date combinations were closely associated with the length of the period from planting to the cessation of flowering. Thus, vegetative growth was greatest for those planting dates which resulted in a delay in flowering and/or extended the flowering phase. Similarly, genetic lateness of maturity among cultivars was associated with more extensive vegetative development. Seed yield per unit area increased within each cultivar as the length of the growing period was extended until sufficient vegetative growth occurred to allow the formation of closed canopies under the particular agronomic conditions imposed. Further increases in the length of the period of vegetative growth failed to increase seed yield, and in some cases seed yields were actually reduced. Biological efficiency of seed production (BE) was negatively correlated with the length of the vegetative growth period. Differences in BE among cultivar-planting date combinations were large. It is suggested that maximization of seed yield will necessitate an optimum compromise between the degree of vegetative development and BE. Optimum plant arrangement will therefore vary, depending on the particular cultivar-planting date combination. ___________________ \*Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 67 (1973).

Vegetative Activity of the Main Stem Terminal Bud Under Photoperiod and Flower Removal Treatments in Soybean

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
SV Caffaro ◽  
F Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Main Stem ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Flower Abortion ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Photoperiodic Treatment ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Short Days

Effects of photoperiod and flower removal on vegetative activity of the main stem apical bud were examined for an indeterminate ('Williams') and a determinate ('Bragg') soybean cultivar. Plants grew under long day conditions until the V2 stage. Then, they were subjected to three photoperiodic treatments: (1) short days of 9 h of solar radiation during all the experiment (SD); (2) 10 short days followed by long days until the end of the experiment (SD + LD); and (3) long days during all the experiment (LD). From the moment anthesis was reached, half of the plants of each photoperiodic treatment were periodically deflowered. Flower removal induced an additional but limited vegetative growth of the main stem apex, due to the elongation of the youngest internodes. This effect was only seen under SD because long day applications (SD+LD and LD) induced a high flower abortion. On the contrary, long days stimulated internode elongation, leaf expansion and, under LD, delayed anthesis which resulted in enhanced vegetative activity of apical buds and a greater production of nodes and branches. Thus, a close but inverse relation was observed between flower induction and vegetative structure differentiation by apical buds. As in Bragg, Williams may stop vegetative activity of buds by their simple transition to a terminal raceme hence, only posterior differentiated internode elongation will be either limited or stimulated depending on SD or LD conditions, respectively.

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