scholarly journals Female festive costume of the Khanty and Mansi in the late 20th — early 21st century: dynamics and functions

2021 ◽  
pp. 162-172
Author(s):  
A.A. Bogordayeva
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
North West ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
The Common

In order to determine dynamics and causes of transformation of everyday dress into a festive costume, specifics and functions of the women’s costume of the Khanty and Mansi have been studied. Towards this, the comparative-typological method was employed to study the costume composition, its local features, and differences with respect to the traditional everyday dresses, and the functions of the costume were determined. The study is based upon the materials of ethnographic expeditions carried out in the 1990s–2010s in the regions occupied by the Ob Ugric population (North-West Siberia and Northern Trans-Urals). It has been ascertained that the festive costume commonly comprised a dress, a breast decoration, and a shawl, and in its local variants it was complemeted by other items. The costume was all-season and had common and local elements. The common elements include multi-completeness (it consists of several items), variability according to weather conditions, use of silk and woolen fabrics and beads. The local specifics are manifetsed in the costume composition, silhouette variability, and techniques of decoration. In the end of the 20th — beginning of the 21st century, traditional clothing of the Khanty and Mansi changed in the appearance due to the use of modern synthetic materials (it changed the colour, sillhuette, means and techniques of decoration) and became merely festive. To the large extent those changes were caused by the industrial development on the territory occupied by the Ob Ugric population in the last quarter of the 20th century, and later by the cultural, social, and economic transformations in Russia. The range of use of the traditional clothing shrank due to the spread of factory-made clothing. The growing interest to the ethnic culture stimulated demand for the national costume. It has become made from import synthetic fabrics, because the home-produced cotton fabrics disappeared from the shops. New fabrics changed the appearance of the clothing and its function, as it became merely festive.

Afroasiatic Languages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Frajzyngier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Writing System ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
North West

Afroasiatic languages are the fourth largest linguistic phylum, spoken by some 350 million people in North, West, Central, and East Africa, in the Middle East, and in scattered communities in Europe, the United States, and the Caucasus. Some Afroasiatic languages, such as Arabic, Hausa, Amharic, Somali, and Oromo, are spoken by millions of people, while others are endangered with extinction. As of the early 21st century, the phylum is composed of six families: Egyptian (extinct), Semitic, Cushitic, Omotic, Berber, and Chadic. There are some typological features shared by all families, particularly in the domain of phonology. Languages are also typologically quite distinct with respect to syntax and functions encoded in the grammatical systems. Some Afroasiatic languages, such as Egyptian, Akkadian, Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic, and Ge’ez, have a longtime written tradition, but for many languages no writing system has yet been proposed or adopted. The Old Semitic writing system gave rise to the modern alphabets used in thousands of unrelated contemporary languages. Two Semitic languages, Hebrew (with some Aramaic) and Arabic, were used to write the Old Testament and the Koran, the holy books of Judaism and Islam.

scholarly journals STAGES OF FORMATION OF ARCHITECTURE OF CHISINAU ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Oleinic ◽  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Compositional Techniques ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Provincial Administration ◽  
The City ◽  
The Early 21St Century ◽  
Stylistic Changes

This article reveals the stages of formation of the architecture of administrative buildings in the city of Chisinau on the background of historical and economic transformations, that took place in Moldova from the late 19th to the early 21st century. The article reflects the results of analysis, which made it possible to identify nine periods of evolution of the architecture of administrative buildings from the provincial administration buildings to office and business centers. Based on specific examples, the article demonstrates the transformation of compositional techniques not only of this typological group, but also of public buildings in general, as well as stylistic changes in their architecture from eclecticism and neoclassicism, through modernism and postmodernism, to deconstructivism and high-tech.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood and Sociocultural Values in the Lithuanian Ritual Year

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 51-66
Author(s):  
Rasa Paukštytė-Šaknienė ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sociocultural Values ◽  
The Early 21St Century

Research into the community customs in the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century in villages, towns, and cities near Vilnius allowed to distinguish two types of neighbourhoods: distant (official) and close (informal) ones. The first one was determined by territorial proximity, the second is revealed in more than just territory. The former is exposed also as a group formed around common interests, people, who are free to choose to spend leisure time or celebrate special occasions together. The festive communication results in sort of a ritual year of the neighbours, covering the common neighbours’ celebrations of life cycle as well as calendric cycle festivals and holidays. A close neighbourhood based on spending leisure time and celebrating together in some cases determines certain differences between neighbours of different religions. I’ll look at this process analyzing different types of settlements, showing the development of neighbourhood relations during the last 60 years.

scholarly journals Delineating Efficient Cropping Zones of Potato and Chilli in Tamilnadu

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
T. Sankar ◽  
N. Kowshika
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Cultivable Land ◽  
Relative Spread

Potato and Chilli are the most significant horticultural vegetable crops commercially cultivated in both field level and homestead gardening. India is leading producer of chilli and 2nd leading of potato in the world, but inadequate storage and huge unpredictable weather  conditions leads to loses. This study was done to analyse trend changes in area, production and productivity over 30 years study period (1985-2015) and also identify Efficient Cropping zones of potato and chillies, at district level for Tamil Nadu during 2000-2015, in order to venture the hotspots of 21st century. Results of trend analysis revealed   that potato production was decreasing till early 21st century and thereafter increasing gradually   with respect to cropping area and chilli showed reduction in production over the years. Relative Yield Index (RYI) and Relative Spread Index (RSI) were used to figured out potential cropping districts for both crops over Tamil Nadu. Dindigul, Erode and Krishnagiri    districts were found to be efficient cropping zone, while Nilgiris is sole district of Most Efficient Cropping Zone (MECZ) for potato. Virudhunagar district has been the Most Efficient  Cropping Zone for chilli crop, while Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai, Tirunelveli, and Thoothukkudi districts were identified as potential efficient zone (ECZs) in Tamil Nadu. Hence, this paper attempts to identify the hotspot area and to study the deviation in cultivable land, production and productivity of the crops where farmers are facing most of the problems. The climate change scenarios could influence crop cultivation, and this paper is evident on the changes in efficient cropping zones.

Europeanization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Dosenrode
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Community ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Eu ◽  
The Early 21St Century

Europeanization refers to the mutual influence of the European Union (EU) and its member states, to interactions within and between member states driven by the EU, and to the effect of the EU on EU applicant states. It affects domestic politics, policy, and polity and therefore is relevant for citizens and businesses. Europeanization effects also raise an issue of legitimacy: who bears responsibility, the member states or the European Union? In the broadest sense, analysis of Europeanization began with the theories of regional integration in the 1950s, which explained what was to become the early 21st-century EU and how it began and developed—the making of a polity. In the narrow and more common use of the concept, studies of the effect of what was then known as the European Community began at the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s under the name of “adaptation.” It was not until 1994 that Robert Ladrech used and defined the term “Europeanization” for analyzing the effect of the European Community on its member states. Thus, in its most encompassing sense, a complete typology of Europeanization includes five types, each with its own primary mechanisms at work: (a) meta-Europeanization, the processes whereby the member states that have created the EU have set the overall frame, that is, the EU; (b) downloading, which implies a pressure on EU member states’ policies and governmental structures to adapt to EU standards (but this does not lead to “uniformity,” as the member states have diverse histories and traditions); (c) uploading, whereby the member states contribute to the EU’s further development by making policy suggestions to the EU and its institutions; (d) cross-loading, whereby the EU creates frames for the member states to exchange best practices and experiences, with little or no involvement from the institutions; and (e) export Europeanization, whereby the EU makes potential members comply with the Union. In a narrow sense, Europeanization is about downloading, uploading, and cross-loading. Studies on Europeanization have contributed greatly to our understanding of how the EU works and how it influences its member states and vice versa (not to mention its influence on subnational actors as well as on interest organizations and neighboring countries). In the early 21st century, Europeanization studies expanded to policies that were previously not sufficiently considered: for instance, the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the Common Security and Defence Policy, and social movements.

scholarly journals Trends in Summer Season Climate for Eastern Europe and Southern Russia in the Early 21st Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria G. Lebedeva ◽  
Olga V. Krymskaya ◽  
Anthony R. Lupo ◽  
Yury G. Chendev ◽  
Alexandr N. Petin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Central Chernozem Region ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Central Chernozem

The goal of this research is to evaluate changes in temperature and precipitation in the Central Chernozem Region of southwestern Russia during the summer and relate these to large-scale circulation types and synoptic circulation processes. Some of these circulation regimes result in extreme weather conditions over the region. Using a classification system for Northern Hemisphere large-scale flow regimes and observations of weather within the Central Chernozem Region, the role of individual synoptic patterns in the formation of weather anomalies was identified. Also, comparing the periods 1981–2010 and 1971–2000, the mean summer temperatures increased by 0.6°C regionally. During the most recent decade the increase was 1.3°C. Total precipitation for the summer increased over the 20th century and was characterized by less variability during the second half when compared to the first half. However, in the beginning of the 21st century, precipitation has decreased during the growing season, but variability has increased. The increase in summer temperatures and increased variability in precipitation were then linked to an increase in the occurrence of weather regimes associated with warm anomalies and blocking. Finally, the results of this study can be used to translate larger-scale seasonal or climate forecasts to the regional scale.

Neurophilosophy, Philosophy of Neuroscience, and Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence: The Problem of Distinguishing

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
Evgeny A. Bezlepkin ◽  
Alina S. Zaykova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Philosophy Of Neuroscience ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Eliminative Materialism ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

Neurophilosophy is understood as different areas of philosophy, for example, the philosophy of neuroscience, the philosophy of artificial intelligence, or eliminative materialism. This excessive interpretation of the term is due to the fact that the understanding of the subject area of this discipline is still incomplete. For example, one of the earliest definitions of neurophilosophy given by P.S. Churchland stated reduction of psychology to neurosciences. In modern views, the idea of neurophilosophy as an attempt to justify eliminative materialism is outdated and does not correspond to reality. The article analyzes the terms “philosophy of neuroscience,” “neurophilosophy,” and “philosophy of artificial intelligence” and also offers a variant of their differentiation. The authors focus on the common and different features, using the example of G.M. Edelman's theory of consciousness and the concept of connectionism for weak artificial intelligence. It is concluded that integral use of the term “neurophilosophy” should be abandoned. As a result, the term “neurophilosophy” should be understood as a direction in philosophy of the early 21st century, applying neuroscientific concepts to solve traditional philosophical problems, while the philosophy of specific neurosciences can be considered primarily as a field in the philosophy of science that formulates and solves problems of specific neurosciences as well as of the entire neuroscientific direction. The philosophy of artificial intelligence is an area in philosophy that answers the question of what non-biological intelligence is and what makes it possible; in other words, it is a philosophical and methodological basis for the study of non-biological intelligence. In the formation of neurosciences and their scientific and philosophical basis, we are still at the first methodological stage of the analysis and differentiation of hypotheses. After some time, there will emerge a philosophy of neuroscience, as the basis of all existing neuroscientific theories, and then this term will acquire greater significance.

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