scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Intake in Healthy Adults in Thessaloniki Greater Metropolitan Area—The SING (Salt Intake in Northern Greece) Study

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Vasara ◽  
Georgios Marakis ◽  
Joao Breda ◽  
Petros Skepastianos ◽  
Maria Hassapidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

A reduction in population sodium (as salt) consumption is one of the most cost-effective strategies to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease and it is a global health priority. High potassium intake is also recommended to reduce cardiovascular disease. To establish effective policies for setting targets and monitoring effectiveness within each country, the current level of consumption should be known. Greece lacks data on actual sodium and potassium intakes. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess dietary salt (using sodium as biomarker) and potassium intakes in a sample of healthy adults in northern Greece and to determine whether adherence to a Mediterranean diet is related to different sodium intakes or sodium-to-potassium ratio. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Thessaloniki greater metropolitan area (northern Greece) (n=252, aged 18-75 years, 45.2% males). Participants’ dietary sodium and potassium intakes were determined by 24h urinary sodium and potassium excretions. In addition, we estimated their adherence to Mediterranean diet by the use of an 11-item MedDietScore (range 0-55). The mean sodium excretion was 175 (SD 72) mmol/day, equivalent to 4,220 (1,745) mg of sodium or 10.7 (4.4) g of salt per day and potassium excretion was 65 (25) mmol/day, equivalent to 3,303 (1,247) mg/day. Men had higher sodium and potassium excretions compared to women. Only 5.6% of the sample had salt intake <5g/d, which is the target intake recommended by the WHO. Mean sodium-to-potassium intake ratio was 1.34 (0.51). There was no significant difference in salt or potassium intake or their ratio across MedDietScore quartiles. No significant relationships were found between salt intake and adherence to Mediterranean diet, suggesting that the perception of the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet does not hold when referring to salt consumption. These results suggest the need for a larger nation-wide survey on salt intake in Greece and underline the importance of continuation of salt reduction initiatives in Greece.

scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Intake in Healthy Adults in Thessaloniki Greater Metropolitan Area—the SING (Salt Intake in Northern Greece) Study

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Vasara ◽  
Georgios Marakis ◽  
Joao Breda ◽  
Petros Skepastianos ◽  
Maria Hassapidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

A reduction in population sodium (as salt) consumption is one of the most cost-effective strategies to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease and it is a global health priority. High potassium intake is also recommended to reduce cardiovascular disease. To establish effective policies for setting targets and monitoring effectiveness within each country, the current level of consumption should be known. Greece lacks data on actual sodium and potassium intakes. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess dietary salt (using sodium as biomarker) and potassium intakes in a sample of healthy adults in northern Greece and to determine whether adherence to a Mediterranean diet is related to different sodium intakes or sodium-to-potassium ratio. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Thessaloniki greater metropolitan area (northern Greece) (n=252, aged 18-75 years, 45.2% males). Participants’ dietary sodium and potassium intakes were determined by 24h urinary sodium and potassium excretions. In addition, we estimated their adherence to Mediterranean diet by the use of an 11-item MedDietScore (range 0-55). The mean sodium excretion was 175 (SD 72) mmol/day, equivalent to 4,220 (1,745) mg of sodium or 10.7 (4.4) g of salt per day and potassium excretion was 65 (25) mmol/day, equivalent to 3,303 (1,247) mg/day. Men had higher sodium and potassium excretions compared to women. Only 5.6% of the sample had salt intake <5g/d, which is the target intake recommended by the WHO. Mean sodium-to-potassium excretion ratio was 2.82 (1.07). There was no significant difference in salt or potassium intake or their ratio across MedDietScore quartiles. No significant relationships were found between salt intake and adherence to Mediterranean diet, suggesting that the perception of the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet does not hold when referring to salt consumption. These results suggest the need for a larger nation-wide survey on salt intake in Greece and underline the importance of continuation of salt reduction initiatives in Greece.

scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Intake in Healthy Adults in Thessaloniki Greater Metropolitan Area—The Salt Intake in Northern Greece (SING) Study

Nutrients ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Vasara ◽  
Georgios Marakis ◽  
Joao Breda ◽  
Petros Skepastianos ◽  
Maria Hassapidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Sodium and potassium intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular prevention

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 2431-2444
Author(s):  
Francesco P. Cappuccio
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Salt consumption is now much greater than needed for survival. High salt intake increases blood pressure in both animals and humans. Conversely, a reduction in salt intake causes a dose-dependent reduction in blood pressure in men and women of all ages and ethnic groups, and in patients already on medication. The risk of strokes and heart attacks rises with increasing blood pressure, but can be decreased by antihypertensive drugs. However, most cardiovascular disease events occur in individuals with ‘normal’ blood pressure levels. Non-pharmacological prevention is therefore the only option to reduce such events. Reduction in population salt intake reduces the number of vascular events. It is one of the most important public health measures to reduce the global cardiovascular burden. Salt reduction policies are powerful, rapid, equitable, and cost saving. The World Health Organization recommends reducing salt consumption below 5 g per day aiming at a global 30% reduction by 2025. A high potassium intake lowers blood pressure in people with and without hypertension. Its beneficial effects extend beyond blood pressure, and may include a reduction in the risk of stroke (independent of blood pressure changes). Potassium intake in the Western world is relatively low, and a lower potassium intake is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease, especially stroke. A moderate increase in potassium intake, either as supplement or with diet, reduces blood pressure, and the World Health Organization has issued global recommendations for a target dietary potassium intake of at least 90 mmol/day (≥3510 mg/day) for adults.

scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Intake, Knowledge Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Salt Consumption Amongst Adults in Podgorica, Montenegro

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanfranco D’Elia ◽  
Mina Brajović ◽  
Aleksandra Klisic ◽  
Joao Breda ◽  
Jo Jewell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Excess salt and inadequate potassium intakes are associated with high cardiovascular disease (CVD). In Montenegro, CVD is the leading cause of death and disability. There is no survey that has directly measured salt and potassium consumption in Montenegro. The aim is to estimate population salt and potassium intakes and explore knowledge, attitudes and behaviour (KAB), amongst the adult population of Podgorica. Random samples of adults were obtained from primary care centres. Participants attended a screening including demographic, anthropometric and physical measurements. Dietary salt and potassium intakes were assessed by 24 h urinary sodium (UNa) and potassium (UK) excretions. Creatinine was measured. KAB was collected by questionnaire. Six hundred and thirty-nine (285 men, 25–65 years) were included in the analysis (response rate 63%). Mean UNa was 186.5 (SD 90.3) mmoL/day, equivalent to 11.6 g of salt/day and potassium excretion 62.5 (26.2) mmoL/day, equivalent to 3.2 g/day. Only 7% of them had a salt intake below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended target of 5 g/day and 13% ate enough potassium (>90 mmoL/day). The majority (86%) knew that high salt causes ill-health. However, only 44% thought it would be useful to reduce consumption. Salt consumption is high and potassium consumption is low, in men and women living in Podgorica.

scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Intake, Knowledge Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Salt Consumption, Amongst Adults in Podgorica, Montenegro

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanfranco D'Elia ◽  
Mina Brajovic ◽  
Aleksandra Klisic ◽  
Joao Breda ◽  
Jo Jewell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Excess salt and inadequate potassium intakes are associated with high cardiovascular disease (CVD). In Montenegro, CVD is the leading cause of death and disability. There is no survey that has directly measured salt and potassium consumption in Montenegro. The aim is to estimate population salt and potassium intakes and explore knowledge, attitudes and behaviour (KAB), amongst the adult population of Podgorica. Random samples of adults were obtained from primary care centres. Participants attended a screening including demographic, anthropometric and physical measurements. Dietary salt and potassium intakes were assessed by 24h urinary sodium (UNa) and potassium (UK) excretions. Creatinine was measured. KAB was collected by questionnaire. Six hundred and thirty-nine (285 men, 25-65 years) were included in the analysis (response rate 63%). Mean UNa was 186.5 (SD 90.3) mmol/day, equivalent to 11.6g of salt/day, and potassium excretion 62.5 (26.2) mmol/day, equivalent to 3.2g/day. Only 7% of them had a salt intake below the WHO recommended target of 5g/day, and 13% ate enough potassium (>90 mmol/day). The majority (86%) knew that high salt causes ill-health. However, only 44% thought it would be useful to reduce consumption. Salt consumption is high, and potassium consumption is low, in men and women living in Podgorica.

scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Intake in Residents of Retirement Homes

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2725
Author(s):  
Boštjan Rejec ◽  
Petra Golja ◽  
Cirila Hlastan Ribič ◽  
Matjaž Klemenc
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Excessive salt intake and its impact on health is a public health problem in many regions of the world. The currently estimated dietary intake of salt among free-living adults is well above the WHO recommendations. Over the years, the number of residents in retirement homes has increased. Besides this, the nutrition of elderly people may be affected by physiological changes that occur with aging. The question is whether residents of retirement homes receive a more balanced diet, or whether the trend of excessive salt consumption continues even among institutionalised elderly people. Salt and potassium intake were assessed by measuring sodium and potassium excretion over 24 h in urine collected from a sample of residents of three retirement homes in the Goriška region, Slovenia. The average salt intake was 8.3 (2.9) g/day, which was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in men than in women (10.1 (3.1) vs. 7.3 (2.2) g/day, respectively). The estimated total daily potassium intake was 2.6 (0.6) g/day in men and 2.0 (0.8) g/day in women (mean 2.2 (0.8) g/day). The ratio of sodium to potassium was 1.53 (0.48). The salt intake among residents of retirement homes in the Goriška region, especially in men, exceeds the WHO recommended daily intake of <5 g. The mean daily potassium intake was below the WHO recommendations of 3.5 g/day.

scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Content of Foods Consumed in an Italian Population and the Impact of Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet on Their Intake

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2681
Author(s):  
Marcella Malavolti ◽  
Androniki Naska ◽  
Susan J. Fairweather-Tait ◽  
Carlotta Malagoli ◽  
Luciano Vescovi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Diet Patterns ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

High sodium and low potassium intakes are associated with increased levels of blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Assessment of habitual dietary habits are helpful to evaluate their intake and adherence to healthy dietary recommendations. In this study, we determined sodium and potassium food-specific content and intake in a Northern Italy community, focusing on the role and contribution of adherence to Mediterranean diet patterns. We collected a total of 908 food samples and measured sodium and potassium content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, we assessed habitual dietary intake of 719 adult individuals of the Emilia-Romagna region. We then estimated sodium and potassium daily intake for each food based on their relative contribution to the overall diet, and their link to Mediterranean diet patterns. The estimated mean sodium intake was 2.15 g/day, while potassium mean intake was 3.37 g/day. The foods contributing most to sodium intake were cereals (33.2%), meat products (24.5%, especially processed meat), and dairy products (13.6%), and for potassium they were meat (17.1%, especially red and white meat), fresh fruits (15.7%), and vegetables (15.1%). Adherence to a Mediterranean diet had little influence on sodium intake, whereas potassium intake was greatly increased in subjects with higher scores, resulting in a lower sodium/potassium ratio. Although we may have underestimated dietary sodium intake by not including discretionary salt use and there may be some degree of exposure misclassification as a result of changes in food sodium content and dietary habits over time, our study provides an overview of the contribution of a wide range of foods to the sodium and potassium intake in a Northern Italy community and of the impact of a Mediterranean diet on intake. The mean sodium intake was above the dietary recommendations for adults of 1.5–2 g/day, whilst potassium intake was only slightly lower than the recommended 3.5 g/day. Our findings suggest that higher adherence to Mediterranean diet patterns has limited effect on restricting sodium intake, but may facilitate a higher potassium intake, thereby aiding the achievement of healthy dietary recommendations.

scholarly journals Which diet for an effective cardiovascular prevention?

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Sofi ◽  
Rosanna Abbate ◽  
Gian Franco Gensini ◽  
Alessandro Casini
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Strict Adherence

Over the last years, numerous evidence on the existing relationship between nutrition and chronic degenerative diseases have led investigators to search for the optimal dietary pattern to maintain a good health status. It’s well known, in fact, that nutrition is capable of substantially modifying the risk profile of a subject in primary and/or secondary prevention. Several models of diet have been imposed on public attention, but the one that got the most interest is certainly the Mediterranean diet. Recently, several studies have shown that a strict adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern is associated with a lower incidence of mortality and incidence of chronic degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Meta-analyses conducted by our group have revealed, in a population of over than 2 million of people, that adherence to Mediterranean diet determines a significant reduction on the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accidents. To the best of the knowledge the most effective indications for an optimal therapeutic strategy in nutrition include: increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables up to the recommended 5 servings a day, prefer whole grains, replace saturated and trans fats with unsaturated fats, reduce the consumption of sugar and sweetened beverages, and limit salt intake. With these simple indications, together with recommendations of following the principles of the traditional Mediterranean diet, a substantial reduction of the risk of incidence and / or mortality from cardiovascular disease can be easily obtained.

scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Intake and Cardiovascular Disease in Older People: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3447
Author(s):  
Carla Gonçalves ◽  
Sandra Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Older People ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

This review aims to examine the relationship of sodium and potassium intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among older people. Methods: We performed a literature search using PubMed and Web of Science (January 2015 to July 2020) without language restriction. Observational and experimental studies that reported the relationship between sodium, potassium, or sodium-to-potassium ratio with CVD among older adults aged higher than 60 years were included. The authors independently screened all identified studies, extracted information, and assessed the quality of included studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS) for observational studies and the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2 tool) for randomized trials. Results: We included 12 studies (6 prospective cohort studies, 5 cross-sectional studies, and 1 experimental study). Five of the studies reported on sodium-to-potassium ratio (n = 5), and the others on potassium and/or sodium intake. Cardiovascular events (e.g., stroke and heart failure) were the most reported outcome (n = 9). Of the 12 studies included, five observational studies had low bias risk and the randomized controlled trial was judged as uncertain risk of bias. We found inconsistent results for the effect of the reduction of sodium intake in this population for lower risk of CVD. We found that both the increase of potassium intake and the decrease of sodium-to-potassium ratio were associated with lower risk of hypertension and CVD, particularly stroke. Conclusion: The present review suggests that both higher potassium and lower sodium-to-potassium ratio are associated with lower risk of CVD.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document