scholarly journals Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali ◽  
Esah Hamzah ◽  
Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Ground Point ◽  
Ultra Precision

Coatings of specific materials in few atoms of thickness to several microns on certain substrate is the basic need of society and they attend the regular attention of scientific community working in different domains; decorative and protective coatings, transparent and insulating coatings, coating medical implants and surgical instruments, coatings for drug delivery and security purposes, ultra-precision machine coatings, coating cutting tools, coatings for MEMS and NEMS, and so on. Different coatings develop under significant composition of atoms where certain force-energy behaviors provide the provision for electrons (of gas atoms) to deal double clamping of energy knots of unfilled states (of solid atoms). Under certain process conditions, different nature atoms oppositely-switch force-energy behaviors to the ones originally owned where they locate common mid-points of their ground points at accommodating level resulting into deal binding. Because of adjusting contraction-expansion of clamping energy knots under varying potential energy of electrons, they develop structure of their atoms termed as hard coating, which is known since antiquity. Different properties and characteristics of hard coatings like hardness, adhesion, roughness and friction coefficient, etc. are emerged under attained mid-points of transformed atoms in evolving structure. This work describes the science of depositing hard coating opening several new areas. Keywords: Hard coating; TiN; Atomic nature; Expansion and contraction of clamping energy knot; Potential energy of electron; Ground point; Structure evolution

scholarly journals Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali ◽  
Esah Hamzah ◽  
Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Medical Implants ◽  
Ultra Precision

Coatings of suitable materials of thickness of few atoms to several microns on certain substrate is the basic need of society and attend the regular attention of scientific community working in different domains; decorative and protective coatings, transparent and insulating coatings, coating medical implants and surgical instruments, coatings for drug delivery and security purposes, ultra-precision machine coatings, coating cutting tools, coatings for MEMS and NEMS, and so on. Different coatings develop under significant composition of certain nature atoms where their force-energy behaviors while certain transition state provide the provision for electron in outer ring of gas atom to clamp another energy knot clamped unfilled state in the outer ring of solid atom. Under certain process conditions, different nature atoms upto a certain extent oppositely-switch force-energy behaviors to the ones which possess those behaviors originally where they locate ground points at common mid-points of accommodating levels resulting into grasp binding. Because of adjusting expansion-contraction of clamped energy knots to electrons under different potential energy as per exerting orientational force of gravitation-levitation behaviors, different nature atoms develop structure at near ground surface substrate termed as hard coating, which is known since antiquity. On arresting different nature atoms under their binding at nearly oppositely-worked force-energy, non-conservative energies of ground surface are involved to engage the non-conservative forces exerting their neutral behavior viable at electron level. Different properties and characteristics of hard coatings such as hardness, adhesion, roughness, friction coefficient, resistivity and morphology-structure are emerged as per order of rescued force-energy of their structure. Here, hard coatings invent science opening to several new areas.

Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali ◽  
Esah Hamzah ◽  
Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Electron Level

Coatings of suitable materials having thickness of few atoms to several microns on the viable substrates are the basic need of society and they attend the regular attention of scientific community working in various fields of science and technology. Decorative and protective coatings, transparent and insulating coatings, coatings of medical implants and surgical instruments, coatings for drug delivery and security purposes, ultra-precision machine coatings and coatings of miscellaneous uses are in the routine demand of research and commercial objectives. Different hard coatings develop under the significant composition of differently natured atoms where their force-energy behaviors as per recovering of transition states provide the provision for electron (of outer ring) belonging to gas atom to undertake another clamp of unfilled energy knot (of outer ring) belonging to solid atom. Set process conditions switch force-energy behaviors of differently natured atoms as per set process conditions where they worked differently to the original state behaviors. Different natured atoms develop structure in the form of hard coating by locating the ground point between original points where gas atoms increase potential energy under the decreasing levitational force at electron-level while the solid atoms decrease potential energy under the decreasing gravitational force at electron-level. Ti-atom to Ti-atom binding is through the difference of expansion of their lattices when one atom is just landing on the already appropriately landed atom where the adhered nitrogen atoms come nearly at their interstitial sites. Under suitable set parameters, different natured atoms deposit in the form of coating at substrate surface under the given conditions depending on the source-behavior of their ejecting or dissociating associated to employed technique. In random arc-based vapor deposition system, depositing different natured atoms at substrate surface depends on the input power where involved non-conserved energies engaged the non-conservative forces to keep their structure adhered. Different properties and characteristics of hard coatings emerged as per engaged forces under the set conditions of involved energy. The present study sets new trends not only in the field of coatings but also in the diversified class of materials and their counterparts, wherever, atoms recall their roles.

scholarly journals Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali ◽  
Esah Hamzah ◽  
Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Process Conditions

Coatings of suitable materials having thickness of few atoms to several microns on the viable substrates are the basic need of society and they attend the regular attention of scientific community working in various fields of science and technology. Decorative and protective coatings, transparent and insulating coatings, coatings of medical implants and surgical instruments, coatings for drug delivery and security purposes, ultra-precision machine coatings and coatings of miscellaneous uses are in the routine demand of research and commercial objectives. Different hard coatings develop under the significant composition of differently natured atoms where their force-energy behaviors as per recovering of transition states provide the provision for electron (of outer ring) belonging to gas atom to undertake another clamp of unfilled energy knot (of outer ring) belonging to solid atom. Set process conditions switch force-energy behaviors of differently natured atoms as per at the ground surface where they nearly worked oppositely to the original state behaviors. Different natured atoms develop structure in the form of hard coating by locating the ground point between original points where gas atoms increase potential energy under the decreasing levitational force at electron levels while the solid atoms decrease potential energy under the decreasing gravitational force at electron levels. Ti-atom to Ti-atom binding is through the difference of expansion of their lattices when one atom is just landing on the appropriately already landed atom where the adhered nitrogen atoms nearly incorporated in their interstitial sites. Under suitable set parameters, different nature atoms deposit in the form of coating at substrate surface in the deposition chamber of certain energy source-based technique. In random arc-based vapor deposition system, depositing different natured atoms at substrate surface depends on the input power where involved non-conserved energies engaged the non-conservative forces to keep the structure adhered. Different properties and characteristics of hard coatings emerged as per engaged forces under the set conditions of involved energy. The present study sets new trends not only in the field of coatings but also in the diversified class of materials and their counterparts, wherever, atoms recall their roles.

scholarly journals Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali ◽  
Esah Hamzah ◽  
Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Process Conditions

Coatings of suitable materials having thickness of few atoms to several microns on the viable substrates are the basic need of society and they attend the regular attention of scientific community working in various fields of science and technology. Decorative and protective coatings, transparent and insulating coatings, coatings of medical implants and surgical instruments, coatings for drug delivery and security purposes, ultra-precision machine coatings and coatings of miscellaneous uses are in the routine demand of research and commercial objectives. Different hard coatings develop with significant composition of differently natured atoms where their force-energy behaviors under recovering of certain transition state provide the provision for electrons (of outer ring) belonging to gas atoms to undertake another clamp of energy knot, in each case, clamping to unfilled states (of outer ring) belonging to solid atoms. Set process conditions switch force-energy behaviors of differently natured atoms as per at the ground surface where they nearly worked oppositely to the original state behaviors. Different natured atoms develop structure in the form of hard coating by locating the ground point between original points where gas atoms increase potential energy under the decreasing levitational force exerting at electron levels while the solid atoms decrease potential energy under the decreasing gravitational force exerting at electron levels. Ti-atom to Ti-atom binding is through the difference of expansion of their lattices when one atom is just landing on the landed atom where the position of nitrogen atoms (dealing double clamping of their electrons) becomes nearly in their interstitial sites. Under suitable set parameters, different nature atoms deposit in the form of coating at substrate surface positioned in the deposition chamber. In random arc-based vapor deposition system, depositing different nature atoms at substrate surface depends on the input power where involved non-conserved energies engaged the non-conservative forces to keep them adhered. Different properties and characteristics of hard coatings emerged as per engaged forces under the set conditions of involved energy. The present study sets new trends not only in the field of films and coatings but also in the diversified class of materials, wherever, atoms recall their roles.

scholarly journals Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali ◽  
Esah Hamzah ◽  
Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Electron Level ◽  
Intrinsic Nature

Coatings of suitable materials having thickness of few atoms to several microns on a substrate have caught the regular attention of scientific community working in various fields of science and technology. Decorative and protective coatings, transparent and insulating coatings, coatings of medical implants and surgical instruments, coatings for drug delivery, ultra-precision machine-tool coatings and coatings for miscellaneous uses are in the routine demand. Different hard coatings develop under the significant composition of suitably different natured atoms where their force-energy behaviors, when in their certain transition states, provide the provision to bind (adhere). In the binding mechanism of different nature suitable atoms, electron (of outer ring) belonging to filled state gaseous nature atom takes another clamp of energy knot (of outer ring) belonging to unfilled state solid-natured atom. Set conditions of the process provide the provision of binding different nature atoms in a technique or method meant for it. Different natures of atoms develop structure in the form of hard coating by locating ground points between their original ones where gaseous nature atoms increase potential energy under the decreasing levitational force at electron-level while the solid atoms decrease potential energy under the decreasing gravitational force at electron-level. Ti–Ti binding occurs through the difference of expansion of their energy knots nets when one atom just lands on the already landed atom while the adhered nitrogen atom incorporates at their interstitial position. Under suitable set parameters, differently natured atoms deposit in the form of coating at substrate surface under the given conditions. The rate of solid-natured atoms ejecting or dissociating from the source depend on its nature, process parameters and the processing technique or approach. In random arc-based vapor deposition system, depositing differently natured atoms at substrate surface depends on the input power. In addition to intrinsic nature of atoms, different properties and characteristics of coatings emerge as per engaged forces under the involved energy. The present study sets new trends in the field of coatings involving the diversified class of materials and their counterparts.

scholarly journals Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali ◽  
Esah Hamzah ◽  
Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Transition State ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Electron Level

Coatings of reliable materials of thickness in few atoms to several microns on a viable substrate is the basic need of society which attend regular attention of scientific community working in various fields. Decorative and protective coatings, transparent and insulating coatings, coatings of medical implants and surgical instruments, coatings for drug delivery and security purposes, ultra-precision machine coatings and coatings of other miscellaneous uses are in routine demand for research and commercial purposes. Different hard coatings develop with significant composition of different nature atoms where their force-energy behaviors when recovering certain transition states provide provision for electron of outer ring belonging to gas atom to react for another clamp of energy knot clamping unfilled state of outer ring belonging to solid atom. Set suitable process conditions regulate switching force-energy behaviors of different nature atoms, which are nearly opposite to the ones originally existing in them. Thus, different nature transition state atoms locate points of developing hard coating between their original ground points as the gaseous nature atoms increase their potential energy as per increasing the gravitational force exerting at electron level while the solid atoms decrease their potential energy as per decreasing the gravitational force exerting at electron level. Ti-atom to Ti-atom binding is taken place under the difference of expansion level of lattice in the just land atom and landed atom where the position of nitrogen atoms becomes nearly at their interstitial site. Thus, different nature transition state atoms accommodate to be deposited at substrate surface positioned in the deposition chamber under suitable set parameters. In random arc-based vapor deposition system, depositing different nature atoms at substrate surface depends on the supplied energy where non-conserved forces are remained engage to keep adherence. On undertaking electron (of gas atom), another clamp of energy knot (of solid atom) is being endorsed by the mutually adjusting expansion-contraction of lattices belonging to two different nature atoms developing structure in the form of hard coating, which is known since antiquity. Different properties and characteristics of hard coatings emerged as per engaged forces under the set conditions of involved energy. The present study sets new trends not only in the field of films and coatings but also in the diversified class of materials, wherever, atoms recall their roles.

scholarly journals Hard Coating Deposits: Incompatible Working Energy and Forced Behaviors of Gaseous and Solid Atoms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali ◽  
Esah Hamzah ◽  
Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Functional Coatings ◽  
Electron Level

Coating a suitable material on substrate in thickness of nano to micro metres is a great interest for the scientific community. Hard coatings develop under the significant composition of suitable gaseous and solid atoms, where their energy and forced behaviors under certain transition states favour the binding. In the binding mechanism of gaseous and solid atoms, electron belonging to outer ring (filled state) of gaseous atom undertakes another clamp of energy knot belonging to outer ring (unfilled state) of solid atom. The set process conditions develop the coating of gaseous and solid atoms when energy of non-conservation is involved. Different natured atoms develop the structure in the form of hard coating by locating a common ground point, which is in their central ground points. Here, gaseous atoms increase the potential energy of electrons by decreasing levitational force (at electron level) in a controlled orientating manner, whereas solid atoms decrease the potential energy of electrons by decreasing gravitational force (at electron level) in a controlled orientating manner. Thus, hard coating is deposited under the oppositely switched energy and forced behaviors of different natured atoms. In TiN coating, Ti–Ti atoms bind due to the difference of expansion in their lattices when one atom is deposited and one is being deposited. So, one Ti atom just lands on the already landed Ti atom. While adhering N atom to Ti atom, it occupies the interstitial position in the Ti atoms. The rate of ejecting solid atoms depends on the type of source, parameters and a processing technique. In random arc-based vapor deposition system, depositing coating at substrate depends on several parameters. As per set conditions of the process, different natured atoms deposit at substrate surface to develop the structure of coating. In addition to intrinsic behavior of atoms, different properties of coatings materialised as per the nature of forces engaged under the involved energy. In developing hard coating of gaseous and solid atoms, an involved energy of non-conservation engages force of non-conservation, too. Hence, this study opens new avenues not only in the fields of hard coatings but also in the fields of functional coatings, medical and surgical implant coatings, protective and sensitive coatings, etc.

scholarly journals Wear Resistance of (Ti,Al)N Metallic Coatings for Extremal Working Conditions

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Jarosław Mikuła ◽  
Daniel Pakuła ◽  
Ludwina Żukowska ◽  
Klaudiusz Gołombek ◽  
Antonín Kříž
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Tool Life ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Tool Materials ◽  
Coated Materials ◽  
Wide Range

The article includes research results for the functional properties achieved for a wide range of sintered tool materials, including sintered carbides, cermets and three types of Al2O3 oxide tool ceramics ((Al2O3 + ZrO2, Al2O3 + TiC and Al2O3 + SiC(w)) with (Ti,Al)N coating deposited in the cathodic arc evaporation (CAE-PVD) method and comparison with uncoated tool materials. For all coated samples, a uniform wear pattern on tool shank was observed during metallographic analysis. Based on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) metallographic analysis, it was found that the most common types of tribological defects identified in tested materials are: mechanical defects and abrasive wear of the tool side, crater formation on the tool face, cracks on the tool side, chipping on the cutting edge and built-up edge from chip fragments. Deposition of (Ti,Al)N coating on all tested substrates increases the wear resistance and also limits the exceeding of critical levels of permanent stresses. It even increases the tool life many times over. Such a significant increase in tool life results, among other things, from a large increase in microhardness of PVD coated materials compared to uncoated samples, increased resistance to thermal and chemical abrasion, improved chip formation and removal process conditions. Use of hard coatings applied to sintered tool materials is considered to be one of the most important achievements in improving the functional properties of cutting tools and can still be developed by improving the coating structure solutions (sorted and nanocrystalline structures) and extending the range of coating applications (Ti,Al)N in a variety of substrates.

Laminated Composite Thin Films: A Solution to Improve Cutting Tools Performance

2006 ◽  
Vol 514-516 ◽  
pp. 1171-1175
Author(s):  
José M. Castanho ◽  
M. Teresa Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Service Failure ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Laminated Composite ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Compositional Gradient ◽  
Coated Tools ◽  
Strong Adhesion

In cutting applications hard thin films of coated tools are expected to be wear and oxidation resistants, and with strong adhesion to the substrate. Due to the high loads involved in the contacts, the main efforts must be supported by the substrate and it is supposed that the coatings follow their elasto-plastic deformation, with a subsequent delay of the crack propagation. The commercial thin films used for these applications are generally monolithic and homogeneous or heterogenous(chemical compositional gradient up-down). Even the nanostructured coatings will perform under these loads as monolithic coatings, and the crack generation and propagation will be ruled by the same mechanisms as in the monolithic coatings. Hence, the hard coatings for cutting tools must be able to deflect surface cracks and exhibit the highest adhesion to the substrate. In order to achieve these characterisitics, the common Ti-Al-N was selected as hard coating, and thin ductile metal interlayers (few tenths of nanometres) were introduced inside Ti-Al-N thin film as long period multilayer coatings – nanolaminate coatings. The presence of interlayers revealed efficiency in dissipation of the energy generated during the application, decreasing the propagation cracks across the coating and ensuring the best adhesion. The mechanical behavior observed is homotethic of macrolaminate composite bulk materials. The failure of the coating is layer-by-layer, always exposing the ductile layer, which function is also to be a fuse that protect the remaining coating. The material of the interlayer and the period (interlayer/coating) selected resulted from the balance between the maximum performance of coating to avoid service failure and the minimum decrease of relevant mechanical properties of the monolitic hard coating as hardness.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Tribological Evolution of Nitride-Based Coatings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Ortiz Ortiz ◽  
Erick Hernandez-Rengifo ◽  
Julio Cesar Caicedo
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Surface Control ◽  
Metalworking Industry ◽  
Recent Developments

This chapter describes the fundamental and technological role of nitride-based hard coatings as protective coatings in some applications within the metalworking industry. For this, this chapter will present a critical review of previous research and recent developments on nitride-based coatings in different systems such as (multilayers, quaternaries, among others), where it will be possible to demonstrate their main properties and advantages that they can grant when they are implemented on conventional steels, such as greater hardness, surface control, electrochemical resistance, resistance against wear, among others. These results will determine that this type of coatings are suitable candidates to be implemented as protective coatings on cutting tools, which suffer from high wear in machining processes in the metalworking industry.

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