scholarly journals Analysis of the Tribological Evolution of Nitride-Based Coatings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Ortiz Ortiz ◽  
Erick Hernandez-Rengifo ◽  
Julio Cesar Caicedo
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Surface Control ◽  
Metalworking Industry ◽  
Recent Developments

This chapter describes the fundamental and technological role of nitride-based hard coatings as protective coatings in some applications within the metalworking industry. For this, this chapter will present a critical review of previous research and recent developments on nitride-based coatings in different systems such as (multilayers, quaternaries, among others), where it will be possible to demonstrate their main properties and advantages that they can grant when they are implemented on conventional steels, such as greater hardness, surface control, electrochemical resistance, resistance against wear, among others. These results will determine that this type of coatings are suitable candidates to be implemented as protective coatings on cutting tools, which suffer from high wear in machining processes in the metalworking industry.

scholarly journals Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali ◽  
Esah Hamzah ◽  
Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Ground Point ◽  
Ultra Precision

Coatings of specific materials in few atoms of thickness to several microns on certain substrate is the basic need of society and they attend the regular attention of scientific community working in different domains; decorative and protective coatings, transparent and insulating coatings, coating medical implants and surgical instruments, coatings for drug delivery and security purposes, ultra-precision machine coatings, coating cutting tools, coatings for MEMS and NEMS, and so on. Different coatings develop under significant composition of atoms where certain force-energy behaviors provide the provision for electrons (of gas atoms) to deal double clamping of energy knots of unfilled states (of solid atoms). Under certain process conditions, different nature atoms oppositely-switch force-energy behaviors to the ones originally owned where they locate common mid-points of their ground points at accommodating level resulting into deal binding. Because of adjusting contraction-expansion of clamping energy knots under varying potential energy of electrons, they develop structure of their atoms termed as hard coating, which is known since antiquity. Different properties and characteristics of hard coatings like hardness, adhesion, roughness and friction coefficient, etc. are emerged under attained mid-points of transformed atoms in evolving structure. This work describes the science of depositing hard coating opening several new areas. Keywords: Hard coating; TiN; Atomic nature; Expansion and contraction of clamping energy knot; Potential energy of electron; Ground point; Structure evolution

scholarly journals Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali ◽  
Esah Hamzah ◽  
Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Hard Coating ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Medical Implants ◽  
Ultra Precision

Coatings of suitable materials of thickness of few atoms to several microns on certain substrate is the basic need of society and attend the regular attention of scientific community working in different domains; decorative and protective coatings, transparent and insulating coatings, coating medical implants and surgical instruments, coatings for drug delivery and security purposes, ultra-precision machine coatings, coating cutting tools, coatings for MEMS and NEMS, and so on. Different coatings develop under significant composition of certain nature atoms where their force-energy behaviors while certain transition state provide the provision for electron in outer ring of gas atom to clamp another energy knot clamped unfilled state in the outer ring of solid atom. Under certain process conditions, different nature atoms upto a certain extent oppositely-switch force-energy behaviors to the ones which possess those behaviors originally where they locate ground points at common mid-points of accommodating levels resulting into grasp binding. Because of adjusting expansion-contraction of clamped energy knots to electrons under different potential energy as per exerting orientational force of gravitation-levitation behaviors, different nature atoms develop structure at near ground surface substrate termed as hard coating, which is known since antiquity. On arresting different nature atoms under their binding at nearly oppositely-worked force-energy, non-conservative energies of ground surface are involved to engage the non-conservative forces exerting their neutral behavior viable at electron level. Different properties and characteristics of hard coatings such as hardness, adhesion, roughness, friction coefficient, resistivity and morphology-structure are emerged as per order of rescued force-energy of their structure. Here, hard coatings invent science opening to several new areas.

scholarly journals An Insight into TiN, TiAlN and AlTiN Hard Coatings for Cutting Tools

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-89
Author(s):  
Magdalena Valentina Lungu
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Surface Quality ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Metalworking Industry ◽  
Tool Surface ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Coatings For Cutting Tools

The evolution of the metalworking industry over the centuries was greatly influenced by the development of a large range of cutting tools. Tool surface quality improvement with hard coatings generated considerable progress in the metal cutting industry. Hard coatings were composed mainly of nitrides, carbides, borides, and oxides of transition metals (typically Ti, Cr, Zr).1-5

How do histone modifications contribute to transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in C. elegans?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1019-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Woodhouse ◽  
Alyson Ashe
Keyword(s):  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Histone Methyltransferases ◽  
Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Gene Regulatory

Gene regulatory information can be inherited between generations in a phenomenon termed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI). While examples of TEI in many animals accumulate, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has proven particularly useful in investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon. In C. elegans and other animals, the modification of histone proteins has emerged as a potential carrier and effector of transgenerational epigenetic information. In this review, we explore the contribution of histone modifications to TEI in C. elegans. We describe the role of repressive histone marks, histone methyltransferases, and associated chromatin factors in heritable gene silencing, and discuss recent developments and unanswered questions in how these factors integrate with other known TEI mechanisms. We also review the transgenerational effects of the manipulation of histone modifications on germline health and longevity.

Wilfred Ethier. Modern International Economics. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 1983. xviii + 588 pp.

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-83
Author(s):  
Nadeem A. Burney
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
New York ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
International Economics ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
International Markets ◽  
The Past ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Recent Developments

Its been long recognized that various economies of the world are interlinked through international trade. The experience of the past several years, however, has demonstrated that this economic interdependence is far greater than was previously realized. In this context, the importance of international economic theory as an area distinct from general economics hardly needs any mentioning. What gives international economic theory this distinction is international markets for some goods and effects of national sovereignty on the character of economic activity. Wilfred Ethier's book, which incorporates recent developments in the field, is an excellent addition to textbooks on international economics for one- or twosemester undergraduate courses. The book mostly covers standard topics. A distinguishing feature of this book is its detailed analysis of the flexible exchange rates and a discussion of the various approaches used for their determination. Within each chapter, the author has extensively used facts, figures and major events to clarify the concepts in the light of the theoretical framework. The book also discusses, in a fair amount of detail, the existing international monetary system and the role of various international organizations.

THE ROLE OF BRACHYTHERAPY IN TREATMENT FOR ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-665
Author(s):  
Yelena Tyuryaeva
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Palliative Treatment ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Neoadjuvant Treatment ◽  
Early Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Separate Section ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Contradictory Data

The article is devoted to various aspects of the use of intraluminal brachytherapy (IB) in treatment for esophageal cancer (EC). A critical review of the use of IB as a component of combined radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy in neoadjuvant treatment regimens, for definitive CRT, as well as in palliative treatment of non-operable tumors of this localization is given. The contradictory data on the effectiveness of brachytherapy with locally distributed, inoperable EC are summarized. A separate section relates to the prospects for incorporating brachytherapy into combined treatment of early esophageal cancer. Carried out analysis testifies to the necessity of standardization of summary and daily doses of irradiation depending on the indications to the IB.

Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases – A critical review from Ayurvedic classics.

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Raghavendra Naik ◽  
Shweta Vekariya ◽  
R. N. Acharya ◽  
Sneha D. Borkar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
The Family

The concept of Pathya (wholesome diet) is an unique contribution of Ayurveda, which plays an important role in prevention and management of many diseases. “Shakavarga”, a category under dietetics in classical texts of Ayurveda enlisted different vegetables with their properties and indications in different disease conditions. These vegetables can be prescribed as Pathya (wholesome diet) in clinical practice. In the present review, plants described under Shakavarga, indicated as Pathya in different diseases related to Pranavaha Srotas (Respiratory system) were compiled from 15 different Ayurvedic classical texts. Critical analysis of the compiled data reveals that out of 332 vegetables described under Shakavarga, 44 are indicated in respiratory disease like Shvasa (Dyspnoea/Asthma), Kasa (Cough), Peenasa (Chronic rhinitis) and Hikka (Hiccup). Among them, botanical identity of 42 classical plants has been established and maximum number of vegetables belongs to the family cucurbitaceae (10) followed by solanaceae (4). Some of these vegetables have been reported for their various pharmacological activities related to prevention and management of diseases related to Pranavaha Srotas (Respiratory system). These vegetables are reported for their anti-inflammatory (16), antioxidant (14), anti-allergic (6) and antitussive (3) activities. The observed result may be helpful in use of vegetables as Pathya (wholesome diet) and planning further scientific studies about the efficacy of these plants on prevention as well as management of respiratory diseases.

The Role of Financial Innovation in EU Market Integration and the Capital Markets Union

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilios Avgouleas
Keyword(s):  
Capital Markets ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Financial Innovation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Capital Markets Union ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
The Eu

This chapter offers a critical overview of the issues that the European Union 27 (EU-27) will face in the context of making proper use of financial innovation to further market integration and risk sharing in the internal financial market, both key objectives of the drive to build a Capital Markets Union. Among these is the paradigm shift signalled by a technological revolution in the realm of finance and payments, which combines advanced data analytics and cloud computing (so-called FinTech). The chapter begins with a critical analysis of financial innovation and FinTech. It then traces the EU market integration efforts and explains the restrictive path of recent developments. It considers FinTech's potential to aid EU market integration and debates the merits of regulation dealing with financial innovation in the context of building a capital markets union in EU-27.

scholarly journals Russia’s Foreign Policy Evolution in the New Balkan Landscape

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 179-199
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Entina ◽  
Alexander Pivovarenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Difference

The article reflects on the issue of the foreign policy strategy of modern Russia in the Balkans region. One of the most significant aspects of this problem is the difference in views between Russia and the West. Authors show how different interpretations of the events in former Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s predetermined the sense of mutual suspicion and mistrust which spread to other regions such as the post-Soviet space. Exploring differences between the Russian and the Western (Euro-Atlantic) views on the current matters, authors draw attention to fundamental differences in terminology: while the Western narrative promotes more narrow geographical and political definitions (such as the Western Balkan Six), traditional Russian experts are more inclined to wider or integral definitions such as “the Balkans” and “Central and Southeast Europe”. Meanwhile none of these terms are applicable for analysis of the current trends such as the growing transit role of the Balkans region and its embedding in the European regional security architecture. Therefore, a new definition is needed to overcome the differences in vision and better understand significant recent developments in the region. Conceptualizing major foreign policy events in Central and Southeast Europe during the last three decades (the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s), authors demonstrate the significance of differences in tools and methods between the Soviet Union and the modern Russia. Permanent need for adaptation to changing political and security context led to inconsistence in Russian Balkan policy in the 1990s. Nevertheless, Russia was able to preserve an integral vision of the region and even to elaborate new transregional constructive projects, which in right political circumstances may promote stability and become beneficial for both Russia and the Euro-Atlantic community.

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