scholarly journals Excess Mortality from COVID-19: Lessons Learned from the Italian Experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Pasquariello ◽  
Saverio Stranges
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Lombardy Region ◽  
Italian Experience ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities

There is much discussion among clinicians, epidemiologists, and public health experts about why case fatality rate from COVID-19 in Italy (at 12.1% as of April 2, 2020, versus a global case fatality rate of 5.2%) is considerably higher than estimates from other countries (especially China, South Korea, and Germany). In this article, we propose several potential explanations for these differences. We suggest that Italy’s overall and relative case fatality rate, as reported by public health authorities, is likely to be inflated by such factors as heterogeneous reporting of coronavirus-related fatalities across countries and the iceberg effect of under-testing, yielding a distorted view of the global severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also acknowledge that deaths from COVID-19 in Italy are still likely to be higher than in other equally affected nations due to its unique demographic and socio-economic profile. Lastly, we discuss the important role of the stress imparted by the epidemic on the Italian healthcare system, which weakened its capacity to adequately respond to the sudden influx of COVID-19 patients in the most affected areas of the country, especially in the Lombardy region.

scholarly journals Excess Mortality from COVID-19: Lessons Learned from the Italian Experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Pasquariello ◽  
Saverio Stranges
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Lombardy Region ◽  
Italian Experience ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities

There is much discussion among clinicians, epidemiologists, and public health experts about why case fatality rate from COVID-19 in Italy (at 13.3% as of April 20, 2020, versus a global case fatality rate of 6.9%) is considerably higher than estimates from other countries (especially China, South Korea, and Germany). In this article, we propose several potential explanations for these differences. We suggest that Italy’s overall and relative case fatality rate, as reported by public health authorities, is likely to be inflated by such factors as heterogeneous reporting of coronavirus-related fatalities across countries and the iceberg effect of under-testing, yielding a distorted view of the global severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also acknowledge that deaths from COVID-19 in Italy are still likely to be higher than in other equally affected nations due to its unique demographic and socio-economic profile. Lastly, we discuss the important role of the stress imparted by the epidemic on the Italian healthcare system, which weakened its capacity to adequately respond to the sudden influx of COVID-19 patients in the most affected areas of the country, especially in the Lombardy region.

Preparedness and response in Portuguese emergency plans - Interaction with public health

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Leiras ◽  
A Martins
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Authority ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
Emergency Plans ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Protection Authority

Abstract Background Articulation between Civil Protection and Public Health authorities is of paramount importance to control, reduce and prevent threats to the health of the population in situations of crisis or catastrophes. National Civil Protection Authority produces Emergency Plans which describe the role of every stakeholder in emergency situations. Role and importance of Public Health and Public Health Authorities is not always present or well described and known amongst stakeholders. Methods Data was collected from all Districtal Emergency Plans (n = 18). Each document was analysed considering time frame, refences to Public Health and Health Authorities, definition of roles, communication channels, coordination and inclusion of intersectoral communication flow. Quantitative analysis included absolute and relative frequencies and qualitative analysis to all parts related to the terms “Public Health” and “Health Authority”. Each document was reviewed by 2 independent researchers. Results From 18 Districtal Emergency Plans (DEP) analysed, 94,4% (n = 17) had references to Public Health, but none referred the role of Public Health Officers. Only 16,7% referred to Health Authorities, although 94,4% mentioned the law 135/2013, defining the role and attributes of Health Authority. In 72,2%, coordination of Public Health Measures was attributed to the National Medical Emergency Institute. Epidemiological surveillance and Public Health Emergencies were referred in 55,6%, and attributed to the Regional Administration of Health. Conclusions Public Health Authorities and Public Health Medical Officers role in articulation with National Civil Protection Authority in emergency situations lacks severely, with this role being replaced by other entities. This is of great concern regarding management and control of diseases, particularly communicable diseases. Key messages Public Health Authorities lack the necessary involvement in Emergency Plans and emergency situations. Public health measures are coordinated by other entities rather than Public Health Authorities.

scholarly journals Communicating Recommendations in Public Health Emergencies: The Role of Public Health Authorities

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Taylor A. Holroyd ◽  
Oladeji K. Oloko ◽  
Daniel A. Salmon ◽  
Saad B. Omer ◽  
Rupali J. Limaye
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities

scholarly journals Covid-19 Fatality Rate in Third World Countries: A Review of Environmental Challenges and Impacts on Public Health and Human Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Chukwuemeka E. Etodike ◽  
◽  
Elsie C. Ekeghalu ◽  
Kelechi Johnmary Ani ◽  
Emmanuel Mutambara
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Third World ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Environmental Challenges ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

The novel coronavirus is far from being over; with the case-fatality rate (CFR) hitting more than 16,500 globally as of July, there is a worry that despite the fact that the global CFR curve is showing signs of flattening, the environmental peculiarities of the third world countries may be abetting global efforts towards containing the virus. Therefore, this review x-rayed these peculiarities in the light of their current concern in public health as per their contribution to the persistent surge in CFR in most developing nations. Given that the virus is transmitted via droplets, the review focused on how the state of public and environmental challenges such as air as well as water pollution and personal hygiene could be abetting the surge in coronavirus infections and morbidity. The review revealed, among other things, that challenges associated with poor sanitary conditions, lack of potable water, unventilated environments, air pollution, and poor inter-personal hygiene are devastating challenges in the fight against the pandemic. The implication is that since these conditions are systematic in nature, it may take more than average effort and public sacrifice to checkmate the case-fatality rate of the virus in the third world. Therefore, call for studies is necessary to establish empiricism for CFR patterns and ratio across areas in deplorable environmental and sanitary conditions.

Subway-Related Trauma: An Urban Public Health Issue with a High Case-Fatality Rate

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171.e1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon G. Rodier ◽  
Charles J. DiMaggio ◽  
Stephen Wall ◽  
Vasiliy Sim ◽  
Spiros G. Frangos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
High Case Fatality Rate

scholarly journals COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 15: Reporting week to 2359 AEST 10 May 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Public Health Action ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Rate

Confirmed cases in Australia notified up to 10 May 2020: notifications = 6,971; deaths = 98. The incidence of new cases of COVID-19 has reduced dramatically since a peak in mid-march. The reduction in international travel, social distancing measures and public health action have likely been effective in slowing the spread of the disease, in the Australian community. Cases of COVID-19 continue to be notified by jurisdictions, albeit at a slowed rate. Testing rates over the past week have increased markedly, with a very low proportion of people testing positive. These low rates of detection are indicative of low levels of COVID-19 transmission. It is important that testing rates and community adherence to public health measures remain high to support the continued suppression of the virus, particularly in vulnerable high-risk groups and settings. In the past reporting week new cases in Australia are mostly considered to be locally acquired, consistent with the drop in international travel. Most locally-acquired cases can be linked back to a known case or cluster. Although the proportion of locally-acquired cases has increased, the overall rate of cases, regardless of place of acquisition, continues to decrease. The crude case fatality rate in Australia remains low (1.4%), compared with the WHO reported global rate (6.9%). The low case fatality rate is likely reflective of high case detection and high quality of health care services in Australia. Deaths from COVID-19 in Australia have occurred predominantly among the elderly and those with comorbidities, with no deaths occurring in those under 40 years. The highest rate of COVID-19 continues to be among people aged 60-79 years, with a third of these cases associated with several outbreaks linked to cruise ships. The lowest rate of disease is in young children, a pattern reflected in international reports. Internationally, cases continue to increase, with some areas such as Brazil and India showing a dramatic rise in reported cases. Although some low-income countries have currently reported few cases, it is possible that this is due to limited diagnostic and public health capacity, and may not be reflective of disease occurrence.

scholarly journals Role of Environmental Temperature on the Attack rate and Case fatality rate of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1792620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Hassan ◽  
Mohamed E. El Zowalaty ◽  
Shahneaz A. Khan ◽  
Ariful Islam ◽  
Md. Raihan K. Nayem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate

scholarly journals Protective role of intravesical BCG in COVID-19 severity

BMC Urology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Gallegos ◽  
Pablo A. Rojas ◽  
Francisca Sepúlveda ◽  
Álvaro Zúñiga ◽  
Ignacio F. San Francisco
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Intravesical Bcg

Abstract Objectives To establish the role of BCG instillations in the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. Patients and methods NMIBC patients in instillations with BCG (induction or maintenance) during 2019/2020 were included, establishing a COVID-19 group (with a diagnosis according to the national registry) and a control group (NO-COVID). The cumulative incidence (cases/total patients) and the case fatality rate (deaths/cases) were established, and compared with the national statistics for the same age group. T-test was used for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Results 175 patients were included. Eleven patients presented CIS (11/175, 6.3%), 84/175 (48.0%) Ta and 68/175 (38.9%) T1. Average number of instillations = 13.25 ± 7.4. One hundred sixty-seven patients (95.4%) had complete induction. Forty-three patients (cumulative incidence 24.6%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. There is no difference between COVID-19 and NO-COVID group in age, gender or proportion of maintenance completed. COVID-19 group fatality rate = 1/43 (2.3%). Accumulated Chilean incidence 70–79 years = 6.3%. Chilean fatality rate 70–79 years = 14%. Conclusions According to our results, patients with NMIBC submitted to instillations with BCG have a lower case-fatality rate than the national registry of patients between 70 and 79 years (2.3% vs. 14%, respectively). Intravesical BCG could decrease the mortality due to COVID-19, so instillation schemes should not be suspended in a pandemic.

COVID-19 (NOVEL CORONA VIRUS-2019)- TRENDS OF CORONA PANDEMIC OVER A PERIOD OF ONE YEAR IN HIMALAYAN REGION IN INDIA.

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Kamlesh Sharma ◽  
Ram Lal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
One Year ◽  
Authentic Data

COVID-19 is a emerging disease and is of public health importance.This study was done to analyse the trends of corona pandemic over a period of one year in Himalayan region in India. Data regarding state statistics from January 2020 to January 2021,was gathered from various sources. Since objective and authentic data was released by different agencies daily and reported to WHO, so the state prole of new cases, cumulative cases, recoveries, cumulative deaths, samples tested, positive samples was taken based on availability of information from National Health Mission site, other state websites and news papers and analysed for various parameters. The current study conducted in Himachal Pradesh showed Case fatality rate as 1.7%, recovery rate 99% and positivity rate 6.1% with Shimla having highest CFR 2.5%. Population wise most affected district was Lahul & Spiti with affected population 4.0%.It may be considered as a severe public health threat of this decade. COVID-19 trends, pattern and its analysis will be very important for control and preventive measures.

scholarly journals Economic development and road traffic injuries and fatalities in Thailand: an application of spatial panel data analysis, 2012–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rapeepong Suphanchaimat ◽  
Vorasith Sornsrivichai ◽  
Supon Limwattananon ◽  
Panithee Thammawijaya
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Incidence Proportion ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background Road traffic injuries (RTIs) have been one of the most critical public health problems in Thailand for decades. The objective of this study was to examine to what extent provincial economy was associated with RTIs, road traffic deaths and case fatality rate in Thailand. Methods A secondary data analysis on time-series data was applied. The unit of analysis was a panel of 77 provinces during 2012–2016. Data were obtained from relevant public authorities, including the Ministry of Public Health. Descriptive statistics and econometric models, using negative binomial (NB) regression, negative binomial regression with random-effects (RE) model, and spatial Durbin model (SDM) were employed. The main predictor variable was gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the outcome variables were incidence proportion of RTIs, traffic deaths and case fatality rate. The analysis was adjusted for key covariates. Results The incidence proportion of RTIs rose from 449.0 to 524.9 cases per 100,000 population from 2012 till 2016, whereas the incidence of traffic fatalities fluctuated between 29.7 and 33.2 deaths per 100,000 population. Case fatality rate steadily stood at 0.06–0.07 deaths per victim. RTIs and traffic deaths appeared to be positively correlated with provincial economy in the NB regression and the RE model. In the SDM, a log-Baht increase in GDP per capita (equivalent to a growth of GDP per capita by about 2.7 times) enlarged the incidence proportion of injuries and deaths by about a quarter (23.8–30.7%) with statistical significance. No statistical significance was found in case fatality rate by the SDM. The SDM also presented the best model fitness relative to other models. Conclusion The incidence proportion of traffic injuries and deaths appeared to rise alongside provincial prosperity. This means that RTIs-preventive measures should be more intensified in economically well-off areas. Furthermore, entrepreneurs and business sectors that gain economic benefit in a particular province should share responsibility in RTIs prevention in the area where their businesses are running. Further studies that explore others determinants of road safety, such as patterns of vehicles used, attitudes and knowledge of motorists, investment in safety measures, and compliance with traffic laws, are recommended.

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