Economic development and road traffic injuries and fatalities in Thailand: an application of spatial panel data analysis, 2012–2016

Abstract Background Road traffic injuries (RTIs) have been one of the most critical public health problems in Thailand for decades. The objective of this study was to examine to what extent provincial economy was associated with RTIs, road traffic deaths and case fatality rate in Thailand. Methods A secondary data analysis on time-series data was applied. The unit of analysis was a panel of 77 provinces during 2012–2016. Data were obtained from relevant public authorities, including the Ministry of Public Health. Descriptive statistics and econometric models, using negative binomial (NB) regression, negative binomial regression with random-effects (RE) model, and spatial Durbin model (SDM) were employed. The main predictor variable was gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the outcome variables were incidence proportion of RTIs, traffic deaths and case fatality rate. The analysis was adjusted for key covariates. Results The incidence proportion of RTIs rose from 449.0 to 524.9 cases per 100,000 population from 2012 till 2016, whereas the incidence of traffic fatalities fluctuated between 29.7 and 33.2 deaths per 100,000 population. Case fatality rate steadily stood at 0.06–0.07 deaths per victim. RTIs and traffic deaths appeared to be positively correlated with provincial economy in the NB regression and the RE model. In the SDM, a log-Baht increase in GDP per capita (equivalent to a growth of GDP per capita by about 2.7 times) enlarged the incidence proportion of injuries and deaths by about a quarter (23.8–30.7%) with statistical significance. No statistical significance was found in case fatality rate by the SDM. The SDM also presented the best model fitness relative to other models. Conclusion The incidence proportion of traffic injuries and deaths appeared to rise alongside provincial prosperity. This means that RTIs-preventive measures should be more intensified in economically well-off areas. Furthermore, entrepreneurs and business sectors that gain economic benefit in a particular province should share responsibility in RTIs prevention in the area where their businesses are running. Further studies that explore others determinants of road safety, such as patterns of vehicles used, attitudes and knowledge of motorists, investment in safety measures, and compliance with traffic laws, are recommended.

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Scarce Health-care Resources and Higher Case-fatality Rates Early in an Epidemic: Analysis of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Tianmen.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22958/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jijia Hu ◽

Zongwei Zhang ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Yingang Zhang ◽

Juan Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Care ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Early Stage ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Medical Resources ◽

Health Care Resources ◽

Public Health Emergencies ◽

Per Capita

Abstract Background Tianmen had the highest case-fatality rate (CFR) among all the cities in China early in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but little is known about the details of the epidemic in Tianmen. Our study aims to reveal the causes of the high CFR from the aspects of clinical features, medical resources, and epidemic situation.Methods In this study, we report the admission and outcomes of 341 patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted and hospitalized in the hospital (The First People's Hospital of Tianmen) from January 14 to February 25, 2020. Epidemic information and medical resources across different regions were collected and compared. Results All deaths from COVID-19 in Tianmen occurred in the hospital, and the proportion of patients with critical (8.5%) symptoms in the hospital is higher than the average in China. In addition, the number of affected patients in Tianmen is quite low, but the hospital and the whole city had the highest CFR in the early stage of the epidemic. Completely different from the stable CFR in Hubei Province, the CFR of COVID-19 in the hospital and city dropped dramatically, from the largest value in China to a more average level, within a few days. Analysis of government public documents showed that the per capita medical resources in Tianmen are worse than those of Wuhan and Hubei. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the inadequate capacity to respond to public health emergencies caused by relatively scarce health-care resources is a crucial factor contributing to the higher CFR of infectious diseases in regions with lower economic levels. Such countries and territories should implement strategies earlier to minimize the danger of COVID-19.

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Covid-19 Fatality Rate in Third World Countries: A Review of Environmental Challenges and Impacts on Public Health and Human Security

Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment ◽

10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.01.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 39-44

Author(s):

Chukwuemeka E. Etodike ◽

◽

Elsie C. Ekeghalu ◽

Kelechi Johnmary Ani ◽

Emmanuel Mutambara

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Third World ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Environmental Challenges ◽

The Third ◽

The Third World ◽

Sanitary Conditions

The novel coronavirus is far from being over; with the case-fatality rate (CFR) hitting more than 16,500 globally as of July, there is a worry that despite the fact that the global CFR curve is showing signs of flattening, the environmental peculiarities of the third world countries may be abetting global efforts towards containing the virus. Therefore, this review x-rayed these peculiarities in the light of their current concern in public health as per their contribution to the persistent surge in CFR in most developing nations. Given that the virus is transmitted via droplets, the review focused on how the state of public and environmental challenges such as air as well as water pollution and personal hygiene could be abetting the surge in coronavirus infections and morbidity. The review revealed, among other things, that challenges associated with poor sanitary conditions, lack of potable water, unventilated environments, air pollution, and poor inter-personal hygiene are devastating challenges in the fight against the pandemic. The implication is that since these conditions are systematic in nature, it may take more than average effort and public sacrifice to checkmate the case-fatality rate of the virus in the third world. Therefore, call for studies is necessary to establish empiricism for CFR patterns and ratio across areas in deplorable environmental and sanitary conditions.

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Subway-Related Trauma: An Urban Public Health Issue with a High Case-Fatality Rate

Journal of Emergency Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.04.015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 165-171.e1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Simon G. Rodier ◽

Charles J. DiMaggio ◽

Stephen Wall ◽

Vasiliy Sim ◽

Spiros G. Frangos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Health Issue ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

High Case Fatality Rate

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Road Traffic Collisions—Case Fatality Rate, Crash Injury Rate, and Number of Motor Vehicles: Time Trends between a Developed and Developing Country

The American Surgeon ◽

10.1177/000313481007600933 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 76 (9) ◽

pp. 977-981 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sanchia S. Goonewardene ◽

Khalid Baloch ◽

Keith Porter ◽

Ian Sargeant ◽

Gamini Punchihewa

Keyword(s):

Visual Impairment ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Uk

Road traffic collisions (RTCs) are one of the most common preventable causes of death and disability worldwide. We investigated changes in numbers of motor vehicles, case fatality rate, and crash injury rate for the most present recorded year (2002) 5 and 10 years before that in the United Kingdom (UK) and Sri Lanka (SL). We also investigated environmental and individual factors impacting patients at South Birmingham Trauma Unit, UK and Colombo General Hospital, SL. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study (both quantitative and qualitative). Over the 10-year period, numbers of motor vehicles have risen in both countries; the crash injury remained stable in both countries. Case fatality rate (far higher) in SL has decreased, as in the UK. Three hundred and twenty-five patients took part in the survey in SL, with 83 in the UK. In the categories investigated, including patient demographics, RTC environment, visual impairment, pedestrian and driver factors, the majority of results were significantly different between the two countries. Target factors such as inadequate street lighting, visual impairment, speeding, and not wearing seatbelts at time of accident were identified, and recommendations developed as a result.

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Untangling factors associated with country-specific COVID-19 incidence, mortality and case fatality rates during the first quarter of 2020

10.1101/2020.04.22.20075580 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lev Shagam

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Press Freedom ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Model Case ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Per Capita ◽

Country Specific

AbstractAt early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic which we are experiencing, the publicly reported incidence, mortality and case fatality rates (CFR) vary significantly between countries. Here we aim to untangle factors that are associated with the differences during the first quarter of the year 2020. Number of performed COVID-19 tests has a strong correlation with country-specific incidence (p < 2 × 10−16) and mortality rate (p = 5.1 × 10−8). Using multivariate linear regression we show that incidence and mortality rates correlate significantly with GDP per capita (p = 2.6 × 10−15 and 7.0 × 10−4, respectively), country-specific duration of the outbreak (2.6 × 10−4 and 0.0019), fraction of citizens over 65 years old (p = 0.0049 and 3.8 × 10−4) and level of press freedom (p = 0.021 and 0.019) which cumulatively explain 80% of variability of incidence and more than 60% of variability of mortality of the disease during the period analyzed. Country hemisphere demonstrated significant correlation only with mortality (p = 0.17 and 0.036) whereas population density (p = 0.94 and p = 0.75) and latitude (p = 0.61 and 0.059) did not reach significance in our model. Case fatality rate is shown to rise as the outbreak progresses (p=0.028). We rank countries by COVID-19 mortality corrected for incidence and the factors that were shown to affect it, and by CFR corrected for outbreak duration, yielding very similar results. Among the countries where the outbreak started after the 15th of February and with at least 1000 registered patients during the period analyzed, the lowest corrected CFR are seen in Israel, South Africa and Chile. The ranking results should be considered with caution as they do not consider all confounding factors or data reporting biases.

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COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 15: Reporting week to 2359 AEST 10 May 2020

Communicable Diseases Intelligence ◽

10.33321/cdi.2020.44.43 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Low Income ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

International Travel ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Public Health Action ◽

The Past ◽

Global Rate

Confirmed cases in Australia notified up to 10 May 2020: notifications = 6,971; deaths = 98. The incidence of new cases of COVID-19 has reduced dramatically since a peak in mid-march. The reduction in international travel, social distancing measures and public health action have likely been effective in slowing the spread of the disease, in the Australian community. Cases of COVID-19 continue to be notified by jurisdictions, albeit at a slowed rate. Testing rates over the past week have increased markedly, with a very low proportion of people testing positive. These low rates of detection are indicative of low levels of COVID-19 transmission. It is important that testing rates and community adherence to public health measures remain high to support the continued suppression of the virus, particularly in vulnerable high-risk groups and settings. In the past reporting week new cases in Australia are mostly considered to be locally acquired, consistent with the drop in international travel. Most locally-acquired cases can be linked back to a known case or cluster. Although the proportion of locally-acquired cases has increased, the overall rate of cases, regardless of place of acquisition, continues to decrease. The crude case fatality rate in Australia remains low (1.4%), compared with the WHO reported global rate (6.9%). The low case fatality rate is likely reflective of high case detection and high quality of health care services in Australia. Deaths from COVID-19 in Australia have occurred predominantly among the elderly and those with comorbidities, with no deaths occurring in those under 40 years. The highest rate of COVID-19 continues to be among people aged 60-79 years, with a third of these cases associated with several outbreaks linked to cruise ships. The lowest rate of disease is in young children, a pattern reflected in international reports. Internationally, cases continue to increase, with some areas such as Brazil and India showing a dramatic rise in reported cases. Although some low-income countries have currently reported few cases, it is possible that this is due to limited diagnostic and public health capacity, and may not be reflective of disease occurrence.

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Modeling Study of Factors Driving Variation in Case Fatality Rate by Country

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17218189 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (21) ◽

pp. 8189 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jennifer Pan ◽

Joseph Marie St. Pierre ◽

Trevor A. Pickering ◽

Natalie L. Demirjian ◽

Brandon K.K. Fields ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Smoking Prevalence ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Potential Interaction ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Interaction Terms ◽

Hospital Beds ◽

Ct Scanners

Background: The novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 has led to a global pandemic in which case fatality rate (CFR) has varied from country to country. This study aims to identify factors that may explain the variation in CFR across countries. Methods: We identified 24 potential risk factors affecting CFR. For all countries with over 5000 reported COVID-19 cases, we used country-specific datasets from the WHO, the OECD, and the United Nations to quantify each of these factors. We examined univariable relationships of each variable with CFR, as well as correlations among predictors and potential interaction terms. Our final multivariable negative binomial model included univariable predictors of significance and all significant interaction terms. Results: Across the 39 countries under consideration, our model shows COVID-19 case fatality rate was best predicted by time to implementation of social distancing measures, hospital beds per 1000 individuals, percent population over 70 years, CT scanners per 1 million individuals, and (in countries with high population density) smoking prevalence. Conclusion: Our model predicted an increased CFR for countries that waited over 14 days to implement social distancing interventions after the 100th reported case. Smoking prevalence and percentage population over the age of 70 years were also associated with higher CFR. Hospital beds per 1000 and CT scanners per million were identified as possible protective factors associated with decreased CFR.

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COVID-19 (NOVEL CORONA VIRUS-2019)- TRENDS OF CORONA PANDEMIC OVER A PERIOD OF ONE YEAR IN HIMALAYAN REGION IN INDIA.

10.36106/2909673 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 12-14

Author(s):

Kamlesh Sharma ◽

Ram Lal Sharma

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Recovery Rate ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Himalayan Region ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Public Health Threat ◽

One Year ◽

Authentic Data

COVID-19 is a emerging disease and is of public health importance.This study was done to analyse the trends of corona pandemic over a period of one year in Himalayan region in India. Data regarding state statistics from January 2020 to January 2021,was gathered from various sources. Since objective and authentic data was released by different agencies daily and reported to WHO, so the state prole of new cases, cumulative cases, recoveries, cumulative deaths, samples tested, positive samples was taken based on availability of information from National Health Mission site, other state websites and news papers and analysed for various parameters. The current study conducted in Himachal Pradesh showed Case fatality rate as 1.7%, recovery rate 99% and positivity rate 6.1% with Shimla having highest CFR 2.5%. Population wise most affected district was Lahul & Spiti with affected population 4.0%.It may be considered as a severe public health threat of this decade. COVID-19 trends, pattern and its analysis will be very important for control and preventive measures.

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A broken bone no longer a burden to carry: a destination in sight

African Journal of Current Medical Research ◽

10.31191/afrijcmr.v4i2.70 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Saabea Owusu Konadu ◽

Dominic Konadu-Yeboah ◽

Gilda Opoku ◽

Obed Nyarko Ofori

Keyword(s):

Cause Of Death ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

The Third

Worldwide the third leading cause of death among persons under 40 years is attributed to trauma(1). In Ghana road traffic accidents have a case fatality rate of about 17%(3). Over the years with interventions and policies by AO Alliance the burden and morbidity following trauma especially road traffic accidents have reduced; with a destination in sight where a broken bone is no longer a burden to carry.

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Excess Mortality from COVID-19: Lessons Learned from the Italian Experience

10.20944/preprints202004.0065.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paolo Pasquariello ◽

Saverio Stranges

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Lombardy Region ◽

Italian Experience ◽

Health Authorities ◽

Public Health Authorities

There is much discussion among clinicians, epidemiologists, and public health experts about why case fatality rate from COVID-19 in Italy (at 13.3% as of April 20, 2020, versus a global case fatality rate of 6.9%) is considerably higher than estimates from other countries (especially China, South Korea, and Germany). In this article, we propose several potential explanations for these differences. We suggest that Italy’s overall and relative case fatality rate, as reported by public health authorities, is likely to be inflated by such factors as heterogeneous reporting of coronavirus-related fatalities across countries and the iceberg effect of under-testing, yielding a distorted view of the global severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also acknowledge that deaths from COVID-19 in Italy are still likely to be higher than in other equally affected nations due to its unique demographic and socio-economic profile. Lastly, we discuss the important role of the stress imparted by the epidemic on the Italian healthcare system, which weakened its capacity to adequately respond to the sudden influx of COVID-19 patients in the most affected areas of the country, especially in the Lombardy region.

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