scholarly journals Mass Intake of Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine in the Present Context of the COVID-19 Outbreak: Possible Consequences in Endemic Malaria Settings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieudonné Mvumbi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Malaria Treatment ◽  
Curative Treatment ◽  
Molecular Changes ◽  
Treatment Policy ◽  
Endemic Malaria ◽  
Present Context

World is currently experiencing a new pandemic for which no curative treatment is available. At this time, coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has reached 183 countries and has caused several deaths. Many reports presented chloroquine (CQ) and hydrochloroquine (HCQ), former drugs used against malaria, as the best current choice to fight this terrible disease. As these molecules had been withdrawn in malaria treatment policy due to chemoresistance, their reintroduction could have some consequences. Though local malaria prevalence could decrease for a while, molecular changes are likely to happen on some plasmodium falciparum genes involved in conferring drug resistance. This could threaten efforts in malaria control, if these molecules are widely administered.

scholarly journals Increased prevalence of pfdhfr and pfdhps mutations associated with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia: important implications for malaria treatment policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aymen M. Madkhali ◽  
Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi ◽  
Wahib M. Atroosh ◽  
Ahmad Hassn Ghzwani ◽  
Khalid Ammash Zain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Malaria Treatment ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Treatment Policy ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Quadruple Mutant

Abstract Background Despite significant progress in eliminating malaria from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the disease is still endemic in the southwestern region of the country. Artesunate plus sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (AS + SP) has been used in Saudi Arabia since 2007 as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of mutations associated with resistance to artemisinin and sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) resistance in P. falciparum parasites circulating in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Methods A total of 151 P. falciparum isolates were collected between April 2018 and March 2019 from 12 of the governorates in Jazan region. Genomic DNA was extracted from dried blood spots and amplified using nested PCR. Polymorphisms in the propeller domain of the P. falciparum k13 (pfkelch13) gene and point mutations in the P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) genes were identified by sequencing. Results No mutations in the pfkelch13 propeller domain were found in any of the 151 isolates. However, point mutations in the pfdhfr and pfdhps genes were detected in 90.7% (137/151) of the isolates. The pfdhfr double mutations N51I + S108N (i.e. ACICNI haplotype) and triple mutations N51I + C59R + S108N (i.e. ACIRNI haplotype) were detected in 47% and 37.8% of the isolates, respectively. Moreover, the pfdhps single mutation at codon A437G and double mutations A437G + K540E (i.e. SGEAAI haplotype) were observed in 4.6% and 51.7% of the isolates, respectively. Interestingly, 23.8%, 25.1 and 12.6% of the isolates had quintuple, quadruple and triple mutated combined pfdhfr–pfdhps genotypes, respectively. Furthermore, significant associations were found between the prevalence of mutant haplotypes and the age, gender and nationality of the patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion This study revealed a high prevalence of point mutations in the pfdhfr and pfdhps genes of P. falciparum isolates from Jazan region, with quintuple and quadruple mutant pfdhfr–pfdhps genotypes reported for the first time in Saudi Arabia and the Arabian Peninsula. Despite the absence of the pfkelch13 mutation in the isolates examined, the pfdhfr and pfdhps mutations undermine the efficacy of SP partner drug, thereby threatening the main falciparum malaria treatment policy in Saudi Arabia, i.e. the use of AS + SP. Therefore, the continuous molecular and in-vivo monitoring of ACT efficacy in Jazan region is highly recommended.

Response of children with Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and development of a national malaria treatment policy in Zaire

1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Paluku ◽  
Joel G. Breman ◽  
Melinda Moore ◽  
N.P. Ngimbi ◽  
John D. Sexton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Treatment ◽  
Treatment Policy

scholarly journals Modeling reservoir management for malaria control in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Kibret ◽  
Darren Ryder ◽  
G. Glenn Wilson ◽  
Lalit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Treatment Cost ◽  
Reservoir Management ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Malaria Treatment ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Reservoir Water Level

AbstractThis study investigated how changes in reservoir water level affect mosquito abundance and malaria transmission in Ethiopia. Digital elevation models of three Ethiopian dams at lowland, midland and highland elevations were used to quantify water surface area and wetted shoreline at different reservoir water levels (70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100% full capacity) to estimate surface area of potential mosquito breeding habitat. Reservoir water level drawdown rates of 10, 15 and 20 mm.day−1 were applied as scenarios to model larval abundance, entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and malaria prevalence at each dam. Malaria treatment cost and economic cost in terms of lost working days were calculated for each water level scenario and dam. At the lowland dam, increased larval abundances were associated with increasing reservoir water level and wetted shoreline area. In contrast, both larval abundances and area of wetted shoreline declined with increasing reservoir water level at the midland and highland dams. Estimated EIR, malaria prevalence, malaria treatment cost and economic cost generally decreased when the water level drawdown rate increased from 10 to 15 and 20 mm.day−1 irrespective of reservoir water level. Given the expansion of dam construction in sub-Saharan Africa, incorporating malaria control measures such as manipulating drawdown rates into reservoir management has the potential to reduce the malaria burden and health care costs in communities near reservoirs.

scholarly journals Prevalence of the molecular marker of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine in Benin seven years after the change of malaria treatment policy

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurore Ogouyèmi-Hounto ◽  
Nicaise Tuikue Ndam ◽  
Dorothée Kinde Gazard ◽  
Sitou d’Almeida ◽  
Lucette Koussihoude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Malaria Treatment ◽  
Treatment Policy ◽  
Sulphadoxine Pyrimethamine

scholarly journals Malaria in Suider-Afrika: Profilakse of nie

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
J. F. Beeslaar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
South African ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
The South ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Endemic Malaria

The South African Department of Health recommends that adequate prophylaxis are taken in the event of travelling to endemic malaria areas in Southern Africa as well as internationally. The increasing incidence of multi-drug resistance to the malaria parasite and especially Plasmodium falciparum, necessitated extreme prudence when considering prophylaxis for travellers to these areas.

scholarly journals Malaria prevention and treatment awareness and practice among patent medicine vendors (PMVs) in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-121
Author(s):  
Mela Danjin ◽  
Henry O Sawyerr ◽  
Doka JS Pauline ◽  
Haruna M Moda
Keyword(s):  
Severe Malaria ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Malaria Treatment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Policy ◽  
Patent Medicine

The ravaging consequences of Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been a subject of serious concern to every stakeholder. Literature and anecdotal evidence shows that around 60% of Nigerians seek fever treatment from Patent Medicine Vendors (PMVs) despite the limited formal dispensing knowledge most possess. This study attempts to establish a base line of knowledge, attitude and practices of Malaria control among PMVs in Gombe Metropolis, North Eastern Nigeria. The study was a descriptive cross sectional survey based on structured questionnaires used to collect relevant information from 109 PMVs selected by purposive sampling technique. The result show that 85.3% of the participants in this study correctly identified fever or high body temperature as the common sign of uncomplicated (UC) Malaria, while 70.6% recognized convulsion as one of the main symptoms of severe Malaria. Furthermore, 86.2% of the PMVs also knew that sleeping inside treated nets constitute one of the best ways to prevent Malaria. In the same vein, awareness of change in Malaria treatment policy from monotherapy to Artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT) was high (73.3%) among them. However, those PMVs that had ever undergone some degree of drug dispensing training exhibited a significantly higher level of awareness of change in malaria treatment policy (X2 =17.903, P = 0.000). Although 85.3% of PMVs frequently recommend Arthemeter Lumefantrine (AL) as treatment of uncomplicated Malaria, only 39.4% of the participants would refer severe malaria cases. Even though most Malaria control awareness and practice variables were found to be fairly good among the participants, it is clear from the study that there is the need for enhanced training, monitoring and supervision by the relevant authorities so as to fully harness the vast potential in PMVs.

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