scholarly journals Phthalate Toxicity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Suresh ◽  
Tanu Jindal
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Potential Risks

Phthalates are esters of Pthalic acid, compounds mainly used as plasticisers. Phthalates are widely used chemicals which are of significant research interest as their exposure causes various consequences for human health. There are several categories of phthalates extensively used in many commercial productions with diverse uses, physicochemical properties and toxicological effects. This chapter discusses the toxicity of Phthalates and its potential risks to human health.

scholarly journals Cognitive Assessments in Hydration Research Involving Children: Methods and Considerations

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (Suppl. 3) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Westfall ◽  
Nicole E. Logan ◽  
Naiman A. Khan ◽  
Charles H. Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Assessments ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of optimal and insufficient hydration on human health have received increasing investigation in recent years. Specifically, water is an essential nutrient for human health, and the importance of hydration on cognition has continued to attract research interest over the last decade. Despite this focus, children remain a relatively understudied population relative to the effects of hydration on cognition. Of those studies investigating children, findings have been inconsistent, resulting from utilizing a wide variety of cognitive domains and cognitive assessments, as well as varied hydration protocols. Here, our aim is to create a primer for assessing cognition during hydration research in children. Specifically, we review the definition of cognition and the domains of which it is composed, how cognition has been measured in both field- and laboratory-based assessments, results from neuroimaging methods, and the relationship between hydration and academic achievement in children. Lastly, future research considerations are discussed.

scholarly journals Assessing the leaching behavior of different gunshot materials in natural spring waters

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Fäth ◽  
Axel Göttlein
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Toxicity Screening ◽  
Leaching Tests ◽  
Leaching Behavior ◽  
Thin Coatings ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Natural Spring

Abstract Background Owing to the high environmental risk of lead-based gunshot, especially as the main source of acute lead poisoning in waterfowl, restrictions on its use in European wetlands are being put into place. In order to assess potential risks of alternative gunshot pellets to aquatic systems, we validated a recently published study that compared the leaching behavior of different game shot materials in an artificial solution and their toxicological effects to Daphnia magna. We therefore investigated the altered leaching of shot materials in natural spring waters. Results The different water conditions (geology/redox conditions) had a strong influence on the leaching behavior of the examined shot types. Spring water originating from siliceous bedrock showed the highest concentrations of nearly all leached metals under aerobic conditions. The results were similar to the former study, which used an artificial standardized medium for daphnids. Conclusions According to the conducted leaching tests, Cu- and Zn-based as well as Zn-coated gunshot should be avoided by reason of the high risks they pose to the aquatic environment. Furthermore, the use of Pb-based and Ni-alloyed or -coated game shot also should be hampered owing to their impact on birds or other wildlife. Since some of these shot materials are still on the European market, an effective toxicity screening of alternative gunshot materials is necessary. By conducting standardized leaching tests, in addition to chemical compositional standards and toxicity tests regarding birds, the environmental risks of each game shot would entirely be assessed. The method presented in this study provides a further step for initial ecotoxicological risk assessment of gunshot for aquatic systems, since it additionally assesses minor components, like thin coatings, which also can have a high impact to these ecosystems.

scholarly journals Inorganic Nanoparticles: Toxic Effects, Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Bhatti ◽  
Hadia Shakeel ◽  
Kousar Malik ◽  
Muhammad Qasim ◽  
Mohsin Ahmad Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Reducing Agents ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Nanoparticles Toxicity

During the last few decades, nanotechnology has gained many applications in almost all fields of life because of the unique properties of nanoparticles. Nanotechnology has specially marked its name in the field of medicine. However, nanoparticles toxicity is detrimental to human health and is a prime concern in applied medicine. They can cause insomnia, vertigo, madarosis, epistaxis, hypokalemia, lymphopenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, etc. There is a gap in knowledge regarding the study of the toxicological effects of nanoparticles. Mechanisms that are responsible for this toxicity are not fully understood yet. Phytochemicals have natural therapeutic effects of reducing metal nanoparticles' toxicity by acting as stabilizers and nontoxic reducing agents. However, the interaction between phytochemicals and nanoparticles is remained to be elucidated. This review will provide in-depth knowledge about the various types of inorganic nanoparticles and their associated toxicities, key parameters determining the toxic behaviour of nanoparticles, and the mechanisms behind their cytotoxicity. It also emphasizes the need for further research to understand the interaction between various phytochemicals and nanoparticles for therapeutic purposes.

Sources and toxicological effects of lead on human health

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuntal Manna ◽  
Bikash Debnath ◽  
WaikhomSomraj Singh
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Toxicological Effects

Concentrations of metals in mantis shrimp Harpiosquilla harpax(de Haan, 1844) collected from the eastern region of Java Sea Indonesia, and potential risks to human health

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 100507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuniar Ade Candra ◽  
Muhammad Syaifullah ◽  
Bambang Irawan ◽  
Trisnadi Widyaleksono Catur Putranto ◽  
Dewi Hidayati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Mantis Shrimp ◽  
Java Sea ◽  
Potential Risks

scholarly journals Fusarium mycotoxins and human health

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Shephard
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemical ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Daily Intakes

Fusariummycotoxins and human healthSpecies within the genusFusariumproduce a diverse range of mycotoxins, many of which have significant impacts on human health. Of the five generally recognised major mycotoxins, three (fumonisins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON)) are produced by Fusaria. Apart from DON, other trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin, have received considerable international attention due to their impact on human health. The fumonisins, which occur ubiquitously in maize and its products, have been linked to oesophageal cancer, liver cancer and neural tube defects. DON, a frequent contaminant of maize, wheat and their products, although showing no carcinogenic potential, is immunomodulatory and produces emesis and growth retardation in animals. ZON is a naturally occurring endocrine disrupting chemical. Acute exposure to these mycotoxins has in each case been linked to outbreaks of human disease - gastro-intestinal effects in the case of fumonisins and DON, and precocious pubertal changes in the case of ZON. Concern over their toxicological effects has led to risk assessments by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), which has set maximum tolerable daily intakes (TDI) of 2 μg/ kg body weight (bw) for fumonisins and 0.5 μg/kg bw for ZON. The initial TDI set for DON, namely 1 μg/kg bw has recently been updated by JECFA to include both 3 - and 15-acetylDON. Apart from the above mycotoxins, a number of other secondary metabolites (moniliformin, beauvericin and fusaproliferin) are produced by different Fusaria and their effects on human health, either alone or in combination with other mycotoxins, is largely unexplored.

scholarly journals Organochlorine Pesticides in Surface Water of Jiuxi Valley, China: Distribution, Source Analysis, and Risk Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Liu ◽  
Guanlin Zheng ◽  
Zhen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Potential Risks

Residual levels of 11 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface water of Jiuxi Valley were determined during spring and autumn at nine sampling points to assess their contamination and potential risks. The water samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE), and OCPs were analyzed by gas chromatograph equipped with a 63Ni-ECD detector. The investigation results indicated that the concentration of total OCPs varied from 4.07 to 13.5 ng·L−1 with an average value of 7.15 ng·L−1 in spring, and from 12.5 to 30.1 ng·L−1 with an average value of 19.9 ng·L−1 in autumn. Jiuxi Valley was slightly contaminated by OCPs, and the concentrations of ΣHCHs and ΣDDTs in the river were at relatively low levels. HCHs were the main pollutant in spring, and also in autumn, and α-HCH was the main component of the HCH isomers at most sampling points. Source analysis indicated that local use of lindane or input of fresh γ-HCH contributed to the presence of HCHs. New inputs were the major sources of DDTs, aldrin, heptachlor, and endrin. The OCP levels of this investigation were within the standard limits set by a majority of the water quality standards and guidelines of China, WHO, European Union, and Canada. However, although the γ-HCH concentrations at all sampling sites, endrin concentrations at all sampling sites, and β-HCH concentrations at most sampling sites were below the human health water quality standard, and the levels of other tested OCPs (α-HCH, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, aldrin, and heptachlor) exceeded the value of EPA-recommended water quality criteria for human health, which indicated potential risks to human health around the region.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Soy Isoflavones in Humans

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1182-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aedin Cassidy
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Soy Isoflavones ◽  
Pure Compound ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Compound Plant

Abstract To fully evaluate the potential risks and benefits of isoflavones to human health, an understanding of the physiological behavior of these compounds following ingestion is required. Numerous researchers have investigated the kinetics and extent of polyphenol absorption by measuring plasma concentrations and/or urinary excretion among adults after the ingestion of a single dose of polyphenol, provided as either a pure compound, plant extract, or whole food/beverage. Available data suggest isoflavones are more bioavailable than other flavonoid subclasses. This review will focus on our current understanding of factors affecting isoflavone absorption and metabolism in humans.

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