scholarly journals Fusarium mycotoxins and human health

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Shephard
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemical ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Daily Intakes

Fusariummycotoxins and human healthSpecies within the genusFusariumproduce a diverse range of mycotoxins, many of which have significant impacts on human health. Of the five generally recognised major mycotoxins, three (fumonisins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON)) are produced by Fusaria. Apart from DON, other trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin, have received considerable international attention due to their impact on human health. The fumonisins, which occur ubiquitously in maize and its products, have been linked to oesophageal cancer, liver cancer and neural tube defects. DON, a frequent contaminant of maize, wheat and their products, although showing no carcinogenic potential, is immunomodulatory and produces emesis and growth retardation in animals. ZON is a naturally occurring endocrine disrupting chemical. Acute exposure to these mycotoxins has in each case been linked to outbreaks of human disease - gastro-intestinal effects in the case of fumonisins and DON, and precocious pubertal changes in the case of ZON. Concern over their toxicological effects has led to risk assessments by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), which has set maximum tolerable daily intakes (TDI) of 2 μg/ kg body weight (bw) for fumonisins and 0.5 μg/kg bw for ZON. The initial TDI set for DON, namely 1 μg/kg bw has recently been updated by JECFA to include both 3 - and 15-acetylDON. Apart from the above mycotoxins, a number of other secondary metabolites (moniliformin, beauvericin and fusaproliferin) are produced by different Fusaria and their effects on human health, either alone or in combination with other mycotoxins, is largely unexplored.

Exposure assessment of metal intakes from drinking water relative to those from total diet in Japan

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2694-2701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Ohno ◽  
Kohei Ishikawa ◽  
Yuki Kurosawa ◽  
Yoshihiko Matsui ◽  
Taku Matsushita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Nickel Copper ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Daily Intakes

Daily intakes of 17 metals (boron, aluminium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, antimony, lead, uranium, magnesium, calcium, and iron) via drinking water and total diet were investigated in six cities in Japan. The daily metal intakes were estimated and compared with tolerable daily intake (TDI) values proposed by the WHO or Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives for toxic metals and with recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) or adequate intake (AI) values proposed for essential metals by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Among the 13 toxic metals, mean dietary intakes of 10 (except arsenic, selenium, and molybdenum) were less than 50% of TDI, suggesting that for these 10 metals the allocation of intake to drinking water in establishing guidelines or standards could possibly be increased from the normal allocation of 10–20% of TDI. For the 13 toxic metals, the contribution of drinking water to TDI was 2% or less in all six cities. Mean dietary intakes of the essential elements magnesium, calcium, and iron were less than the RDA or AI values. Drinking water did not contribute much to essential metal intake, accounting for less than 10% of RDA or AI.

scholarly journals Differential toxicological effects of natural and synthetic sources and enantiomeric forms of limonene on mosquito larvae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perran A. Ross ◽  
Neda Nematollahi ◽  
Anne Steinemann ◽  
Spas D. Kolev ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Human Health Effects ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract Common fragranced consumer products, such as cleaning supplies and personal care products, emit chiral compounds such as limonene that have been associated with adverse effects on human health. However, those same compounds abound in nature, and at similar concentrations as in products, but without the same apparent adverse human health effects. We investigated whether different types of limonene may elicit different biological effects. In this study, we investigated the mortality rate of mosquito larvae in response to changes in their environment. Specifically, we tested different sources of naturally occurring R-limonene and chemically synthetized limonene, containing one of its enantiomeric forms (R-, S-) in mortality bioassays with Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. We found that a natural source of limonene extracted from oranges induced lower mortality of mosquito larvae compared to synthetic sources at the same concentration. However, enantiomeric forms did not differ in their effects on mortality. Our results provide novel evidence that natural sources of a chemical can cause lower rates of mortality than synthetic sources.

scholarly journals Bisphenol A Analogues: A Brief Review of their Occurrence in Food, Biological Samples and Endocrine Effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Nikola Knizatova ◽  
Katarína Tokárová ◽  
Hana Greifová ◽  
Tomáš Jambor ◽  
Peter Massányi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemical ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Made In

Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most well-known compound from the bisphenol family. There is increasing evidence that bisphenol BPA used in plastics, receipts, food packaging, and other products might be harmful to human health due to its actions as an endocrine-disrupting chemical, therefore BPA is being replaced by compounds very similar in structure, but data on the occurrence and effects of these BPA analogs are limited. Therefore, there is increasing concern regarding human exposure to bisphenol analogs (BPs) due to their widespread use and potential adverse effects. The main objective of this work was to investigate human exposure to BPs and the associated endocrine activities. We performed a literature review of the available research made in humans, in in vivo and in vitro tests. The findings support the idea that exposure to BPs may have an impact on human health, especially in terms of endocrine disruption.

Zearalenone occurrence and human exposure

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Maragos
Keyword(s):  
Human Exposure ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Occurrence Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Daily Intakes

Among the mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEA) is of interest because of the oestrogenic effects that it, and certain of its metabolites possess. The fungi that produce ZEA are found worldwide, particularly in cereal grains and derived products. This has prompted many surveys to detect these compounds in commodities and foods. As a result, the widespread occurrence of ZEA in foods is well documented. Previous summaries including extensive reports by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), the European Commission's Scientific Cooperation on Questions Relating to Food (SCOOP), and others, have provided significant information on the occurrence of ZEA in commodities and foods. Publication of occurrence data has continued at a rapid pace, and certain of that data, as well as highlights from previous intake and exposure assessments, are summarised herein. Comparing estimates of intake (exposure) with previous estimates of tolerable daily intakes, suggests that, for many of the countries where exposure assessments have been done, the populations are exposed to levels that would be considered safe. The situation may be different in populations that consume large quantities of foods that are susceptible to contamination, or in instances where contamination is atypically high. For much of the world estimates of exposure have not been reported, meaning that for much of the world, the true extent of the relevance of ZEA to human health remains uncharacterised.

Human health implications from co-exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins in maize-based foods in Latin America: Guatemala as a case study

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Torres ◽  
J. Matute ◽  
J. Gelineau-van Waes ◽  
J.R. Maddox ◽  
S.G. Gregory ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Central America ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Ceramide Synthases ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Maize Kernels

Co-occurrence of fumonisin B1(FB1) and aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in maize has been demonstrated in many surveys. Combined-exposure to FB1and AFB1was of concern to the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives because of the known genotoxicity of AFB1and the ability of FB1to induce regenerative proliferation in target tissues. Humans living where maize is a dietary staple are at high risk for exposure to both mycotoxins. Our work has focused on Guatemala, a country in Central America where maize is consumed in large amounts every day and where intake of FB1has been shown to be potentially quite high using biomarker-based studies. In 2012 a survey was conducted which analysed maize samples for FB1and AFB1from all 22 departments of Guatemala. The results show that the levels of AFB1exposure are also potentially quite high in Guatemala, and likely throughout Central America and Mexico. The implications of co-exposure for human health are numerous, but one area of particular concern is the potential of FB1to modulate AFB1hepatoxicity and/or hepatocarcinogenicity. Both the mechanism of action of FB1and its ability to promote liver carcinogenicity in rats and rainbow trout is consistent with this concern. In farm and laboratory animals FB1inhibits ceramide synthases, key enzymes in de novo ceramide biosynthesis. The inhibition of sphingolipid signalling pathways mediating programmed cell death and activation of pathways stimulating cell proliferation in livers of individuals exposed to AFB1could contribute to the tumorigenicity of AFB1. Studies investigating the health effects of either toxin should consider the potential for co-exposure to both toxins. Also, in countries where maize-based food are prepared by alkaline treatment of the maize kernels, the effect of traditional processing on AFB1levels and toxicity needs to be determined, especially for maize highly contaminated with AFB1.

scholarly journals Risk assessment of mercury and methyl mercury intake via sardine and swordfish consumption in Algeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 1679
Author(s):  
F. MEHOUEL ◽  
L. BOUAYAD ◽  
A. BERBER ◽  
I. VAN HAUTEGHEM ◽  
M. VAN DE WIELE
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Tolerable Weekly Intake ◽  
Direct Mercury Analyzer ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Estimated Daily Intakes

Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in the flesh of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) fished in three Algerian coasts were determined by a direct mercury analyzer (DMA). We also assessed the risk to which the consumer was exposed to by calculating the estimated daily intakes (EDIs), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI). The average concentrations of Hg and MeHg in the flesh of sardine were similar (0.04 mg/kg wet weight) and in swordfish were 0.61 mg/kg wet weight; 0.57 mg/kg wet weight, respectively. These concentrations have not surpassed the thresholds set by the Algerian and European regulations. The estimated daily intakes for Hg and MeHg were similar in sardine (0.0064 μg/kg/day) and were 0.098 μg/kg/day and 0.092 μg/kg/day for Hg and MeHg, respectively, in swordfish. These values did not exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The target hazard quotient (THQ) and the hazard index (HI) calculated were < 1. Consequently, consumption of these fishes does not pose any risk for the adult groups of the Algerian population regarding mercury, and methylmercury studied.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Deoxynivalenol in Wheat-Based Products Based Different Wheat-Producing Area for the Inhabitants in Shanghai, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1015
Author(s):  
Xianli Yang ◽  
Zhiyong Zhao ◽  
Jianhua Wang ◽  
Junhua Yang ◽  
Hengchao E ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Production Areas

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the major mycotoxins that contaminate cereals. In this study, we determined the DON level in wheat-based products from Chinese five main production areas collected in Shanghai and calculated the daily intake of DON for inhabitants using the point evaluation and the probabilistic evaluation based on Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed the positive rates of DON in the products were higher than 80.0%, with the concentrations ranging from 41.8 to 1110 µg/kg. The estimated mean daily intakes of DON for 7- to 10-year-old children and adults groups were below 1 µg/kg bw/day, the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), suggesting no health risks for the consumers. However, the 99th percentiles of dietary DON exposures for children and adults exceeded the PMTDI, indicating adverse health effects might occur if the two groups intake highly contaminated wheat-based products. The potential health risks for the two groups exposed to DON in the wheat-based products from the Middle and Lower Yangtze Valley (MLYV) were higher than those from the other areas in China.

scholarly journals Genotoxic, carcinogenic potential of food additives and their other effects on human healthGıda katkı maddelerinin genotoksik, karsinojenik potansiyeli ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki diğer etkileri

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 3093
Author(s):  
Selen Şen ◽  
Hüseyin Aksoy ◽  
Serkan Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Food Technology ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects

The use of food additives (FAs) in food production has become an indispensable part of food technology primarily in developed countries for the last 30 years. Today, we encounter with chemical or E coded names of FAs in the ingredients written on the packages of many food products; from take-home foods to frozen products and canned goods. Some of these products, which have been increasing in terms of usage and number each passing day, have detected genotoxic and carcinogenic effects with various toxicological test systems. Besides, some of these are emerged to play role in the formation of hyperactivity, allergy, neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, diabetes, reproduction and gastrointestinal system disorders. In this review, it is aimed to give information about food additives which have been determined to have genotoxic and carcinogenic effects and reported to cause other health risks with toxicological studies. Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetSon 30 yıldır gelişmiş ülkeler başta olmak üzere, gıda üretiminde katkı maddelerinin kullanımı gıda teknolojisinin vazgeçilmez bir parçası olmuştur. Günümüzde, hazır gıdalardan, dondurulmuş ürünlere ve konservelere kadar tükettiğimiz birçok gıda maddesinin ambalajlarındaki içindekiler kısmında gıda katkı maddelerinin kimyasal yada E kodlu isimleri ile karşı karşıya gelmekteyiz. Kullanımları ve sayıları her geçen gün artan bu maddelerin bazılarının genotoksik ve karsinojenik etkili olduğu çeşitli toksikolojik test sistemleriyle belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bazılarının hiperaktivite, alerji, nörodejeneratif hastalıklar, obezite, diyabet, üreme ve gastrointestinal sisteme ilişkin bozuklukların oluşumunda rol oynadığı da ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu derlemede, toksikolojik çalışmalarla genotoksik, karsinojenik etkilere sahip olduğu ve diğer sağlık risklerine yol açtığı belirlenen gıda katkı maddeleri hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

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