scholarly journals Maize Yield Components as Affected by Plant Population, Planting Date, Crop Growing Season and Soil Coverings in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Castilho Beruski ◽  
Luis Miguel Schiebelbein ◽  
André Belmont Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Potential Yield

The potential yield of annual crops is affected by management practices and water and energy availabilities throughout the crop season. The current work aimed to assess the effects of plant population and soil covering on yield components of maize. Field experiments were carried out during 2014-15 and 2015-16 growing seasons at areas grown with oat straw, voluntary plants and bare soil, considering five different plant populations (40,000, 60,000, 80,000, 100,000 and 120,000 plants ha-1) and three sowing dates (15 Sep., 30 Oct., 15 Dec.) for the hybrid P30F53YH in Ponta Grossa, State of Parana, Brazil. Non-impacts of soil covering or plant population on plant height at the flowering phenological stage were observed. Significant effects of soil covering on crop physiological and yield components responses throughout the 2014-15 season were detected. Influence of plant populations on yield components was evidenced, suggesting that from 80,000 plants ha-1 the P30F53YH hybrid performs a compensatory effect among assessed yield components in such a way as to not compromise productivity insofar as plant population increases up to 120,000 plants ha-1. It was noticed a positive trend of yield components and crop final yield as a function of plant density increments.

scholarly journals Maize Yield Components as Affected by Plant Population, Planting Date and Soil Coverings in Brazil

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 579
Author(s):  
Gustavo Castilho Beruski ◽  
Luis Miguel Schiebelbein ◽  
André Belmont Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Final Yield

The potential yield of annual crops is affected by management practices and water and energy availabilities throughout the crop season. The current work aimed to assess the effects of plant population, planting dates and soil covering on yield components of maize. Field experiments were carried out during the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 growing seasons at areas grown with oat straw, voluntary plants and bare soil, considering five plant populations (40,000, 60,000, 80,000, 100,000 and 120,000 plants ha−1) and three sowing dates (15 September, 30 October and 15 December) for the hybrid P30F53YH in Ponta Grossa, State of Paraná, Brazil. Non-impacts of soil covering or plant population on plant height at the flowering phenological stage were observed. Significant effects of soil covering on yield components and final yield responses throughout the 2014–2015 season were detected. An influence of plant populations on yield components was evidenced, suggesting that, from 80,000 plants ha−1, the P30F53YH hybrid performs a compensatory effect among assessed yield components in such a way as to not compromise productivity insofar as the plant population increases up to 120,000 plants ha−1. It was noticed, a positive trend of yield components and crop final yield as a function of plant density increments.

scholarly journals Identifying Ways to Narrow Maize Yield Gaps Based on Plant Density Experiments

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Jian Li ◽  
Man Wu ◽  
Keru Wang ◽  
Bo Ming ◽  
Xiao Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Stable Range ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Yield Gaps ◽  
Loss Range

Exploring the maximum grain yields (GYs) and GY gaps in maize (Zea mays L.) can be beneficial for farmer to identify the GY-limiting factors and take adaptive management practices for a higher GY. The objective of this work was to identify the optimum maize plant density range and the ways to narrow maize GY gaps based on the variation of the GYs, dry matter (DM) accumulation and remobilization with changes in plant density. Field experiments were performed at the 71 Group and Qitai Farm in Xinjiang, China. Two modern cultivars, ZhengDan958 and ZhongDan909, were planted at 12 densities, ranging from 1.5 to 18 plants m−2. With increased plant density, single plant DM decreased exponentially, whereas population-level DM at the pre- (DMBS) and post- (DMAS) silking stages increased, and the amount of DM remobilization (ARDM) increased exponentially. Further analysis showed that plants were divided four density ranges: range I (<6.97 plants m−2), in which no DM remobilization occurred, DMBS and DMAS correlated significantly with GY; range II (6.97–9.54 plants m−2), in which the correlations of DMBS, DMAS, and ARDM with GY were significant; range III (9.54–10.67 plants m−2), in which GY and DMAS were not affected by density, DMBS increased significantly, and only the correlation of DMAS with GY was significant; and range IV (>10.67 plants m−2), in which the correlations of DMBS and ARDM with GY decreased significantly, while that of DMAS increased significantly. Therefore, ranges I and II were considered to be DM-dependent ranges, and a higher GY could be obtained by increasing the population-level DMAS, DMAS, and ARDM. Range III was considered the GY-stable range, increasing population-level DMBS, as well as preventing the loss of harvest index were the best way to enhance maize production. Range IV was interpreted as the GY-loss range, and a higher GY could be obtained by preventing the loss of HI and population-level DMAS.

Assessment of sowing dates and plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for soybean maturity groups in low latitude

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
L. S. Sampaio ◽  
R. Battisti ◽  
M. A. Lana ◽  
K. J. Boote
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Model ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Maturity Groups

Abstract Crop models can be used to explain yield variations associated with management practices, environment and genotype. This study aimed to assess the effect of plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for low latitudes. The crop model was calibrated and evaluated using data from field experiments, including plant densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 plants per m2), maturity groups (MG 7.7 and 8.8) and sowing dates (calibration: 06 Jan., 19 Jan., 16 Feb. 2018; and evaluation: 19 Jan. 2019). The model simulated phenology with a bias lower than 2 days for calibration and 7 days for evaluation. Relative root mean square error for the maximum leaf area index varied from 12.2 to 31.3%; while that for grain yield varied between 3 and 32%. The calibrated model was used to simulate different management scenarios across six sites located in the low latitude, considering 33 growing seasons. Simulations showed a higher yield for 40 pl per m2, as expected, but with greater yield gain increments occurring at low plant density going from 10 to 20 pl per m2. In Santarém, Brazil, MG 8.8 sown on 21 Feb. had a median yield of 2658, 3197, 3442 and 3583 kg/ha, respectively, for 10, 20, 30 and 40 pl per m2, resulting in a relative increase of 20, 8 and 4% for each additional 10 pl per m2. Overall, the crop model had adequate performance, indicating a minimum recommended plant density of 20 pl per m2, while sowing dates and maturity groups showed different yield level and pattern across sites in function of the local climate.

Effects of Plant Population on Sole-crop Cassava in Sierra Leone

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Godfrey-Sam-Aggrey
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Yield And Yield Components

SUMMARYEffects of plant population on mean yield and yield components of 2-year sole cassava crops were studied on Njala upland soils of Sierra Leone in two experiments. Increasing plant population of multi-shoot Cocoa cassava over 7000/ha decreased all the parameters studied except top/root weight ratio, which increased. The observed effects were attributed to competition for environmental resources, since area of land/plant unit decreased as plant population increased. The relations between plant populations and yields of fresh root and cortex dry matter were asymptotic, indicating that the respective yields were products of the vegetative phase of cropping.

Small grain screenings in wheat: interactions of cultivars with season, site, and management practices

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Sharma ◽  
W. K. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

Small grains that pass through a 2-mm slotted screen (sievings or screenings) are one of the most important causes of price dockages of wheat in Australia because grain size variation greatly affects flour yield and commercial value. The aims of this study were to examine the effects of season, time of sowing, plant population, and applied nitrogen, and their interactions with cultivars, on small grain screenings. Twenty-one field experiments involving 16 new cultivars and elite crossbreds, and various management variables, were conducted in the medium (annual rainfall 325–450 mm) and low (annual rainfall <325 mm) rainfall zones of the Northern Agricultural Region of Western Australia over 3 diverse cropping seasons (1999–2001). Rainfall events towards the end of the season were critical to the level of screenings. Screenings were higher in season 2000 with terminal drought stress, but were low in 2001 despite severe drought stress during early growth. Delayed seeding caused higher screenings in 1999 (average rainfall with even distribution) and in 2000 (terminal drought) but not consistently in 2001 when early drought stress restricted tillering and spike size thereby constraining the yield level. Strong varietal and time of sowing interactions were evident but the relationship between maturity group and the level of screenings was not consistent. Rather, the ability of cultivars to adjust yield components was more important; 82% of the total variance in small grain screenings was accounted for by a regression model based on variety-specific kernel weight, post-heading rainfall (from about 2 weeks before anthesis), and location factors. The effect of increasing plant population on screenings was mostly negative, with some minor exceptions for a few cultivars in the low-rainfall zone. As applied nitrogen was increased, screenings generally increased and cultivar influenced this trend more than rainfall zone. It is postulated that for a cultivar to be unaffected by applied nitrogen, it should have inherently higher grain weight as well as high stability of grain weight across nitrogen levels. Applied nitrogen had a significant effect on screenings only at higher plant populations. In experiments where the level of screenings exceeded 5%, the yield components that were significantly associated with screenings, in order of relative importance, were grain weight > grain number/area > grain number/head > grain yield. Cultivars differed in production of screenings in response to plant population, nitrogen fertiliser and sowing time. Harrismith was the most sensitive cultivar and Wyalkatchem was overall the most tolerant cultivar. Delayed seeding had the least effect on the screenings of cultivars Westonia, Carnamah, and Wyalkatchem. Carnamah was the most stable cultivar against higher levels of applied nitrogen, whereas Westonia required high plant numbers to contain screenings. It is concluded that cultivars can be classified according to specific sensitivities, and appropriate management practices may be suggested to growers.

Yield, yield components and shoot morphology of four contrasting lucerne (Medicago sativa) cultivars grown in three cool temperate environments

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Pembleton ◽  
D. J. Donaghy ◽  
J. J. Volenec ◽  
R. S. Smith ◽  
R. P. Rawnsley
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Morphological Development

Understanding which component has the greatest influence on yield is vital when managing lucerne (Medicago sativa) crops to maximise the production of high-quality forage. However, both yield components and plant morphology are affected by interactions between environment conditions and plant genetics. Field experiments across three environments (dryland at Cambridge: 500 mm annual rainfall, brown sodosol soil type; dryland at Elliott: 1200 mm annual rainfall, red ferrosol soil type; and irrigated at Elliott) in Tasmania, Australia were undertaken to investigate the yield, yield components and plant morphology of four lucerne cultivars; DuPuits, Grasslands Kaituna, SARDI 7 and SARDI 10 under cutting. The effect of cultivar on dry matter (DM) yield was different in each environment, with Grasslands Kaituna achieving the highest yield (P < 0.05) in dryland environments, while no difference in DM yield among cultivars (P > 0.05) occurred under irrigation. Stepwise linear regression consistently confirmed mass per shoot as the yield component with the greatest influence on DM yield for all cultivars and environments. Shoot density also had an influence on DM yield in two of the three environments. DuPuits had the highest leaf : stem ratio in all three environments and slower morphological development in two of the environments. Management practices across all environments and cultivars should aim to increase mass per shoot to maximise yield. Of the cultivars examined Grasslands Kaituna is the most appropriate for dryland conditions in Tasmania, while all cultivars examined were suited to production under irrigation.

Yield-density relationships and optimum plant populations in two cultivars of solid-seeded dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Saskatchewan

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Shirtliffe ◽  
Adrian M. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Density Relationship

There is relatively little agronomic information on solid-seeded production of dry bean in western Canada. Recommended seeding density for dry bean can depend on the growth habit of the plant, the yield–density relationship, percent emergence, seed cost and environment. The objective of this study was to determine the yield–density relationships in two determinate bush type cultivars of dry bean and the optimum plant population under solid-seeded production in Saskatchewan. CDC Camino, a late-season pinto bean and CDC Expresso, a medium-season-length black bean were the cultivars evaluated. In most sites, the yield-density relationship of the cultivars was asymptotic and an optimum plant density for maximum yield could not be determined. Camino generally required a lower plant population to reach a given yield than Expresso. Increasing plant population did not affect 1000-seed weight. Higher seeding rate did result in a greater number of seeds produced m-2, with Expresso having a greater increase in seed produced m-2 compared with Camino. Expresso was required to be at higher plant densities than Camino to maximize economic returns. This reflects the differences between cultivars in yield-density relationship and seed cost, as Camino has a heavier 1000-seed weight than Expresso. Saskatchewan bean growers wishing to maximize profit should target plant populations for Expresso and Camino of approximately 50 and 25 plants m-2, respectively. Key words: Saskatchewan, yield components, non-linear regression, seeding rate, narrow rows, solid-seeded

scholarly journals Narrowing the Agronomic Yield Gaps of Maize by Improved Soil, Cultivar, and Agricultural Management Practices in Different Climate Zones of Northeast China

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijuan Liu ◽  
Xiaoguang Yang ◽  
Xiaomao Lin ◽  
Kenneth G. Hubbard ◽  
Shuo Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Yield Gaps

Abstract Northeast China (NEC) is one of the major agricultural production areas in China, producing about 30% of China’s total maize output. In the past five decades, maize yields in NEC increased rapidly. However, farmer yields still have potential to be increased. Therefore, it is important to quantify the impacts of agronomic factors, including soil physical properties, cultivar selections, and management practices on yield gaps of maize under the changing climate in NEC in order to provide reliable recommendations to narrow down the yield gaps. In this study, the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM)-Maize model was used to separate the contributions of soil physical properties, cultivar selections, and management practices to maize yield gaps. The results indicate that approximately 5%, 12%, and 18% of potential yield loss of maize is attributable to soil physical properties, cultivar selection, and management practices. Simulation analyses showed that potential ascensions of yield of maize by improving soil physical properties PAYs, changing to cultivar with longer maturity PAYc, and improving management practices PAYm for the entire region were 0.6, 1.5, and 2.2 ton ha−1 or 9%, 23%, and 34% increases, respectively, in NEC. In addition, PAYc and PAYm varied considerably from location to location (0.4 to 2.2 and 0.9 to 4.5 ton ha−1 respectively), which may be associated with the spatial variation of growing season temperature and precipitation among climate zones in NEC. Therefore, changing to cultivars with longer growing season requirement and improving management practices are the top strategies for improving yield of maize in NEC, especially for the north and west areas.

Some relationships between plant population, yield components and grain yield of wheat in a Mediterranean environment

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Spring Bread Wheat ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Optimum Population ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Relationship

Eight spring bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), differing widely in their nominal yield component characteristics, were tested under rain-fed conditions for three years at sowing densities ranging from 50 to 800 seeds m-2. The objectives of the experiments were to estimate the relationship between grain yield and particular yield components, the expression of plant type (yield components) in relation to plant density, and the plant population x cultivar interaction for grain yield over a range of seasons in a given environment. The 'optimum' plant population (at maximum grain yield) varied over 30-220 plants m-2, depending on season and cultivar. In general, variation in the 'optimum' population was greater between seasons for a given cultivar than between cultivars within seasons. The relationship between grain yield and yield components was examined at the 'optimum' population rather than at an arbitrary population at which grain yield may have been suboptimal for some cultivars or seasons. Grain yields at the optimum populations for the various cultivar x season combinations were positively related to culms m-2, spikes m-2 and seeds m-2. They were not clearly related to culm mortality (%). When averaged across seasons, cultivar grain yields were positively related to harvest index, but the general relationship was not so clear when seasons and cultivars were examined individually. Spike size (seeds spike-I or spike weight) and seed size were also not clearly related to grain yield at the 'optimum' population, and it was thus postulated that the production and survival of large numbers of culms, which in turn led to large numbers of seeds per unit area, were the source of large grain yields. Some interactions were found between yield components and plant population for some cultivars that could have implications for plant breeders selecting at low plant densities. The implications for crop ideotypes of the individual plant characters at the 'optimum' population are also discussed. Interactions between cultivars and plant populations implied that some cultivars required different populations to achieve maximum yields in some seasons. There was a tendency for larger yields to be achieved from cultivar x season combinations where the optimum population was larger, which suggested that commercial seed rates should be re-examined when changes to plant types or yield levels are made.

scholarly journals Managing Density Stress to Close the Maize Yield Gap

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Winans ◽  
Tryston A. Beyrer ◽  
Frederick E. Below
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Agronomic Management ◽  
Standard Level ◽  
N Fertility

Continued yield increases of maize (Zea mays L.) will require higher planting populations, and enhancement of other agronomic inputs could alleviate density-induced stress. Row spacing, plant population, P-S-Zn fertility, K-B fertility, N fertility, and foliar protection were evaluated for their individual and cumulative impacts on the productivity of maize in a maize-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. An incomplete factorial design with these agronomic factors in both 0.76 and 0.51 m row widths was implemented for 13 trials in Illinois, United States, from 2014 to 2018. The agronomic treatments were compared to two controls: enhanced and standard, comprising all the factors applied at the enhanced or standard level, respectively. The 0.51 m enhanced management control yielded 3.3 Mg ha–1 (1.8–4.6 Mg ha–1 across the environments) more grain (25%) than the 0.76 m standard management control, demonstrating the apparent yield gap between traditional farm practices and attainable yield through enhanced agronomic management. Narrow rows and the combination of P-S-Zn and K-B fertility were the factors that provided the most significant yield increases over the standard control. Increasing plant population from 79,000 to 109,000 plants ha–1 reduced the yield gap when all other inputs were applied at the enhanced level. However, increasing plant population alone did not increase yield when no other factors were enhanced. Some agronomic factors, such as narrow rows and availability of plant nutrition, become more critical with increasing plant population when density-induced stress is more significant. Changes in yield were dependent upon changes in kernel number. Kernel weight was the heaviest when all the management factors were applied at the enhanced level while only planting 79,000 plants ha–1. Conversely, kernel weight was the lightest when increasing population to 109,000 plants ha–1 while all other factors were applied at the standard level. The yield contribution of each factor was generally greater when applied in combination with all other enhanced factors than when added individually to the standard input system. Additionally, the full value of high-input agronomic management was only realized when matched with greater plant density.

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