scholarly journals Ecotoxicity and Associated Threat of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Biodiversity: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idris Umar Zungum ◽  
Tijjani Sabiu Imam
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Petroleum Fuels ◽  
Complex Organic

There is a sustained rise in incidence of cancer and toxicity related to chemicals exerting enormous burden to public health and biodiversity. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mong such contaminants, precisely the sixteen-priority characterized by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Therefore, this review is aimed at further elaboration about the 16 USEPA characterized PAHs and threat portend to public health and biodiversity. PAHs are a class of very stable organic pollutants produced most commonly, by incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and are formed when complex organic substances are exposed to heat. PAHs in great amount due to build up over time by bioaccumulation can be perilous: to human beings of all age and levels, aquatic organisms, amphibians and reptiles. The soil like the aquatic environment contains substantial quantity of PAHs since, atmospheric PAHs sediments on the soil due to dry and wet deposition, terrestrial organism are impacted if the soil is saturated with PAHs. Therefore, PAHs are a great source of trepidation for food safety, public health and biodiversity sustenance. Hence, tackling the spade of the menacing ubiquity of PAHs becomes necessary from its sources by encouragement of alternatives to petroleum fuels for machines and vehicles.

scholarly journals Kontaminasi Senyawa Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) dalam Sedimen Di DAS Gending, Probolinggo

DEPIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-150
Author(s):  
Edward Edward
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are very toxic and persistent environmental contaminants. This study were carried out in Gending watershed Probolinggo in March 2014, the propose of this research was to known  the concentrations and possible sources of 16 PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) classified by the United State Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants.   Sediment samples were taken by using a sediment sampler at 6 research stations. The concentration of PAH were determined  using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)  and the sources using individual ratio diagnose method. The results show that  the concentration of PAHs in  sediment still low and fixed with the safe threshold values for waters organisms. Individual PAH dominated by high molecule weight PAHs. The results of PAHs ratio individual analysis showed that PAHs sources in sediment derived from a variety of sources such as; oil spill, oil combustion and combustion of organic materials. To reduce the level of PAHs pollution in sediment in Gending watersheds need to make efficiency in using of fossil fuel, reduce oil spill and  combustion of oil and organic materials and implementing of laws and sanctions against polluters.

scholarly journals Integrated methodology for the assessment of public health risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Σπυριδούλα Νικολάκη
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Integrated Methodology ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Σκοπός της διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν η εφαρμογή μιας ολοκληρωμένης μεθοδολογίας για την αποτίμηση των κινδύνων στη δημόσια υγεία, από την παρουσία Πολυκυκλικών Αρωματικών Υδρογονανθράκων (ΠΑΥ) σε αερολύματα. Ως περιοχή μελέτης επιλέχθηκε η πόλη της Θεσσαλονίκης καθώς αντιμετωπίζει προβλήματα αέριας ρύπανσης, λόγω της αυξημένης χρήσης βιομάζας ως μέσο θέρμανσης, ως συνέπεια της οικονομικής κρίσης. Μετρήσεις αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων έγιναν για δύο συνεχόμενα έτη, σε τρεις σταθμούς δειγματοληψίας. Η πρώτη εκστρατεία δειγματοληψίας έλαβε χώρα κατά τη χειμερινή περίοδο του έτους 2013 και περιελέμβανε μετρήσεις κλασμάτων αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων PM10, PM2.5 και PM1, ανά 24ωρο, σε ένα σταθμό αστικού υποβάθρου (Σταθμός Α) και ένα σταθμό κίνησης (Σταθμός Β). Η δεύτερη καμπάνα δειγματοληψίας έλαβε χώρα τη χειμερινή περίοδο 2013-2014 και περιελάμβανε μετρήσεις αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων κλασμάτων PM10 και PM2.5 σε δύο σταθμούς αστικού υποβάθρου στη δυτική και ανατολική περιοχή της πόλης (Σταθμοί Α, C) και έναν κίνησης (Σταθμός Β). Η δειγματοληψία στους σταθμούς αστικού υποβάθρου έγινε σε τρία χρονικά διαστήματα μέσα στην ημέρα, ανά 8ωρο, ενώ στο σταθμό κίνησης ανά 8ωρο και 16ωρο. Οι πολυκυκλικοί αρωματικοί υδρογονάθρακες και η λεβογλυκοζάνη (δείκτης για καύση βιομάζας) αναλύθηκαν με χρήση της τεχνικής της αέριας χρωματογραφίας – φασματομετρίας μάζας. Οι πηγές των ΠΑΥ προσδιορίστηκαν σε όλους τους σταθμούς με χρήση διαφόρων μεθόδων που περιελάμβαναν: τη δυαδική αναλογία, την ανάλυση κύριων συνιστωσών, την ιεραρχική ανάλυση κατά συστάδες και το συνδυασμό της πολλαπλής γραμμικής παλινδρόμισης με την ανάλυση κύριων συνιστωσών. Ο υπολογισμός του κινδύνου για καρκίνο του πνεύμονα από την έκθεση στους πολυκυκλικούς αρωματικούς υδρογονάνθρακες έγινε με χρήση λεπτομερούς μεθοδολογίας έκθεσης και κινδύνου. Η μεθοδολογία αυτή περιελάμβανε τη μοντελοποίηση της εναπόθεσης των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων στο ανθρώπινο αναπνευστικό σύστημα, με σκοπό τον υπολογισμό της εσωτερικής δόσης της τοξικά ισοδύναμης συγκέντρωσης (Toxicity Equivalency, TEQ) στον πνεύμονα. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν μεγαλύτερες συγκεντρώσεις ΠΑΥ στους σταθμούς αστικού υποβάθρου σε σύγκριση με το σταθμό κίνησης. Από τις μεθόδους προσδιορισμού των πηγών των ΠΑΥ προέκυψαν δύο κύριες πηγές: η καύση βιομάζας και οι εκπομπές των οχημάτων. Μεγαλύτερη συνεισφορά της βιομάζας υπολογίστηκε στους σταθμούς αστικού υποβάθρου σε σχέση με το σταθμό κίνησης. Η ισχυρή συσχέτιση μεταξύ της τοξικότητας των ΠΑΥ (TEQ) και της συγκέντρωσης της λεβογλυκοζάνης έδειξε ότι τα σωματίδια που εκλύονται από την καύση βιομάζας έχουν μεγαλύτερο τοξικό περιεχόμενο σε σχέση με αυτά που προέρχονται από άλλες πηγές. Ο κίνδυνος για καρκίνο του πνεύμονα υπολογίστηκε μεγαλύτερος από 10Ε-6 για τον πληθυσμό που ζει κοντά στις περιοχές αστικού υποβάθρου και σχεδόν διπλάσιος για το σταθμό που βρίσκεται στη δυτική περιοχή, λόγω της μεγαλύτερης συνεισφοράς βιομάζας. Μεγαλύτερος κίνδυνος υπολογίστηκε για τα βρέφη και τα παιδιά, λόγω της μεγαλύτερης σταθμισμένης με το σωματικό βάρος δόσης και της φυσιολογίας του αναπνευστικού συστήματος. Η σύγκριση της προτεινόμενης μεθοδολογίας με τη συμβατική μεθοδο της Υπηρεσίας Προστασίας του Περιβάλλοντος της Αμερικής (Environmental Protection Agency, EPA) έδειξε ότι η τελευταία υπερεκτιμά τον κίνδυνο για καρκίνο και δεν μπορεί να τον διαφοροποιήσει ανά ηλικιακή ομάδα. Έτσι, η προτεινόμενη μεθοδολογία είναι αξιόπιστη ιδιαίτερα για τον υπολογισμό του κινδύνου για καρκίνο για τις ευαίσθητες ομάδες πληθυσμού.

Pollution analysis of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from informal electronic waste dismantling areas in Xinqiao, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Gu ◽  
Jianfeng Bai ◽  
Wenyi Yuan ◽  
En Ma ◽  
Chenglong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Standard Value

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be persistent organic pollutants, which pose a great threat to human health and the surrounding environment. In order to explore the influence of informal electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling activities on inhabitants who live nearby, soil samples were collected from informal e-waste dismantling areas in Xinqiao, China and analysed for 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs. Results indicated that the 16 USEPA priority PAHs were found at all seven sampling locations. Sampling location 3, which was only 10 m away from a residential area, had 1053.69 μg kg−1 of PAHs and seriously exceeded the standard value specified by the Netherlands. The total percents of 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs accounted for 61.74 and 71.70%, respectively, indicating that most of the detected PAHs belonged to high-ring PAHs. The informal e-waste dismantling activities are the major sources of soil PAHs in Xinqiao. Furthermore, the concentration of seven carcinogenic PAHs was 114.76 μg kg−1 and represented a potential health risk to humans. Thereinto, benzo[a]pyrene contributed the most, accounting for more than 50% in these locations. Our results may provide a reference about the influence of informal e-waste dismantling activities on the surrounding inhabitants and suggest that e-waste dismantling activities must be conducted in a formal enterprise which is far away from residential areas.

scholarly journals Interannual Survey on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Seawater of North Nanao Bay, Ishikawa, Japan, from 2015 to 2018: Sources, Pathways and Ecological Risk Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 904
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Mundo ◽  
Tetsuya Matsunaka ◽  
Hisanori Iwai ◽  
Shouzo Ogiso ◽  
Nobuo Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Asian Winter Monsoon ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

To improve the understanding of the emission sources and pathways of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coastal environments of remote areas, their particulate and dissolved concentrations were analyzed on a monthly basis from 2015 to 2018 in surface waters of Nanao Bay, Japan. The concentration of the targeted 13 species of PAHs on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority pollutant list in dissolved and particle phases were separately analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a fluorescence detector. Particulate and dissolved PAHs had average concentrations of 0.72 ng∙L−1 and 0.95 ng∙L−1, respectively. While most of the samples were lower than 1 ng∙L−1, abnormally high levels up to 10 ng∙L−1 were observed in the winter of 2017–2018 for particulate PAHs. Based on the isomer ratios of Flu to Flu plus Pyr, it was possible to determine that the pyrogenic loads were greater than the petrogenic loads in all but four out of 86 samples. The predominant environmental pathway for PAHs in winter was determined to be long-range atmospheric transportation fed by the East Asian winter monsoon, while for the summer, local sources were more relevant. By the risk quotients method, it was determined that PAHs in surface seawater presented a very low risk to marine life during the interannual survey.

scholarly journals Residues of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Agricultural Soils Adjacent to Historical Sources of Their Storage and Distribution—The Case Study of Azerbaijan

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga ◽  
Karolina Lewińska ◽  
Elton Mammadov ◽  
Anna Karczewska ◽  
Bożena Smreczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Total Concentrations

The aim of this study was to identify and examine the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil collected from the surroundings of historical pesticide storage facilities on former agricultural aerodromes, warehouses, and pesticide distribution sites located in the most important agricultural regions in Azerbaijan. The conducted research included determination of three groups of POPs (occurring together), in the natural soil environment influenced for many years by abiotic and biotic factors that could have caused their transformations or decomposition. In this study, soil samples were collected in 21 georeferenced points located in the administrative area of Bilasuvar, Saatly, Sabirabad, Salyan and Jalilabad districts of Azerbaijan. Soil chemical analysis involved determination of organochlorine compounds (OCP): hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) (three isomers α-HCH, β-HCH and γ-HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) (six congeners 2,4′DDT; 4,4′DDT; 2,4′DDE; 4,4′DDE; 2,4′DDE; and 4,4′DDE); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): 16 compounds from the United States Environmental Protection Agency US EPA list and, PCBs (seven congeners identified with the following IUPAC numbers: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180). Our research showed that OCPs reached the highest concentration in the studied areas. The total concentrations of OCPs ranged from 0.01 to 21,888 mg∙kg−1 with significantly higher concentrations of Σ6DDTs (0.01 μg kg−1 to 21880 mg kg−1) compared to ΣHCH (0.14 ng kg−1 to 166.72 µg kg−1). The total concentrations of PCBs in the studied soils was varied from 0.02 to 147.30 μg·kg−1 but only PCB138 and PCB180 were detected in all analyzed samples. The concentrations of Σ16 PAHs were also strongly diversified throughout the sampling areas and ranged from 0.15 to 16,026 mg kg−1. The obtained results confirmed that the agricultural soils of Azerbaijan contained much lower (up to by three orders of magnitude) concentrations of PCBs and PAHs than DDT. It is supported by the fact that PCBs and PAHs were not directly used by agriculture sector and their content results from secondary sources, such as combustion and various industrial processes. Moreover, the high concentrations of PAHs in studied soils were associated with their location in direct neighborhood of the airport, as well as with accumulation of contaminants from dispersed sources and long range transport. The high concentrations of pesticides confirm that deposition of parent OCPs have occurred from obsolete pesticide landfills.

The phototoxicity of non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic organisms

Chemosphere ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 14 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1829-1834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Kagan ◽  
Edgard D. Kagan ◽  
Isabelle A. Kagan ◽  
Peggy A. Kagan ◽  
Susan Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Contribution of commonly analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to potential toxicity in early life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1320-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Sundberg ◽  
Rasha Ishaq ◽  
Ulla Tjärnlund ◽  
Gun Åkerman ◽  
Kerstin Grunder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Total Extract ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Erod Induction ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

In a series of bio-effect-directed fractionation experiments, we investigated the potential toxicity of sediment extracts from a contaminated bay. A previous study investigated abnormalities and hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae by exposing newly fertilized eggs to the total extract and to fractions separated by degree of aromaticity. A major part of the potential toxicity was isolated in a fraction containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). In this study, we prepared a synthetic PAC mixture with 17 commonly analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in amounts equimolar to those found in the sediment PAC fraction. The 17 PAHs, which included 11 of the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority PAHs, were unable to account for the toxicopathic effects observed and could explain less than 4% of the total EROD induction. The lack of a clear relationship between toxicopathic effects and EROD induction underlines the need for a battery of biomarkers for estimating environmental risk. These results reveal the limits of our knowledge regarding compounds responsible for potential toxicity in field situations.

scholarly journals Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Shengli Oil Field, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 74-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kuang ◽  
Y. Su ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
Z. Song ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Pahs Concentration ◽  
Us Epa

The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority pollutant list, were studied in ten different soil samples from Shengli Oil Field, China. The total PAHs concentrations in the sampled soils attained 1214.9–2965.1 ng/g (2159.6 ng/g on average). The highest total PAHs concentration was in the soil with a huge content of oil sludge, while the lowest was in fine soil environment areas. The soil contamination with PAHs in the study areas was classified as severe. The major pollutants were naphthalene, phenathrene, fluorine (Flu), pyrene (Pyr), while the detected concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(b)fluoranthene was relatively low. Among the 16 kinds of PAHs, the concentration increased in the order: 6 rings < 5 rings < 4 rings < 2 rings < 3 rings. The ratios of Flu/(Flu + Pyr) and indeno benzene(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IP)/(IP + BaP) were 0.46–0.48, and 0.36–0.64, respectively. Our results suggest that the main sources of PAHs were petroleum extraction and petroleum combustion. In addition, a small amount of PAHs originated from combustion of grass, woods, and coal.  

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